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A Treatise on Geology, volume 1.djvu
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Title
A Treatise on Geology
, Volume 1
Author
John Phillips
Year
1852
Publisher
Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans'
Location
London
Source
djvu
Progress
Done—All pages of the work proper are validated
Transclusion
Fully transcluded
Validated in
May 2021
Volumes
Volume 2
Pages
(key to
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)
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CONTENTS.
PREFACE
CHAPTER I
.
INTRODUCTORY VIEWS.
Page
Objects of Geological Science
1
Means of Geological Investigation
6
Scale of Geological Time
8
Series of Stratified Rocks
9
Lapse of Time inferred from the Nature of the Series of Rocks
10
Antiquity of the Surface
11
Nature of the Scale of Time
12
Terms of the Scale of Geological Time
12
Series of Terms on the Scale of Geological Time
14
Interruptions in the Series of Time
16
Length of the Scale of Time
17
Means of Investigation of Facts
18
Means of Interpretation of Phenomena
20
CHAP. II.
GENERAL REASONINGS CONCERNING THE SUBSTANCE OF THE GLOBE.
Chemical Data as to the exterior Parts of the Earth
23
Proportions per cent, of Oxygen in Earths, Minerals, and Rocks
24
Physical Data as to the interior Constitution of the Earth
26
Mass of the Globe, whence derived
28
CHAP. III.
GENERAL TRUTHS CONCERNING THE STRUCTURE OF THE EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE GLOBE.
Structure of the external Parts of the Globe
33
Forms of Rock Masses
35
Position of Rocks. Declination of Strata
36
Local Declinations and unusual Positions of Strata
39
Faults
40
Extent and Frequency of Faults
42
Relation of Faults, Mineral Veins, Dikes, &c. to the great Lines of disturbed Rocks
44
Origin of stratified and unstratified Rocks
45
Relative Periods of disturbed Stratification
49
CHAP. IV.
SERIES OF STRATIFIED ROCKS.
Sections and Maps of Strata
53
Table of British stratified Deposits
54
Varieties of Stratification
59
Divisional Structures of Rocks
62
Geographical Relations of Joints
65
Cleavage
67
CHAP. V.
ORGANIC REMAINS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
Fossil Plants
69
Table of their Geological Distribution
73
Fossil Zoophyta
73
Table of certain Groups
76
Fossil Mollusca
77
Table of proportionate Number of Species at different Geological Periods
80
Table of proportionate Number of Species in the different Orders or Classes of Mollusca in different Geological Periods
81
Table of Genera containing many living Species of Gasteropoda
82
Table of Genera containing many Fossil Species of Conchifera
83
Table of Genera of Cephalopoda
83
Table of Subgenera of Ammonites
84
Articulated Animals
84
Table of Crustacea
85
Fossil Fishes
86
Agassiz's. Classification of Fishes
88
Table
90
Fossil Reptiles
91
Owen's System of Fossil Saurians
92
Fossil Birds
95
Fossil Mammalia
95
Marsupial of Stonesfield
97
Table of Mammalia
99
General Considerations
100
CHAP. VI.
HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE STRATIFIED ROCKS IN THE CRUST OF THE EARTH.
Introductory Remarks
107
Granitic Basis of the Crust of the Earth
108
Granite Veins
109
Metamorphism of Rocks
110
Hypozoic Strata.
Gneiss and Mica Schist System
111
Composition
111
Lamination
114
Stratification
115
Succession and Thickness of its Strata
117
Organic Life
118
Extent of Country occupied by
119
Physical Geography
120
Igneous Rocks
121
General Inference concerning
122
Palæozoic Strata.
Lower Cambrian System of Sedgwick
124
Composition
125
Structure
126
Cleavage
128
Succession of its Strata
128
Organic Remains
131
Geographical Extent
132
Physical Geography
133
Igneous Rocks
134
Silurian System of Murchison
136
Composition
136
Structure
136
Succession and Thickness of its Strata
138
Table of the Strata
139
Organic Remains
140
Tables of ditto
141
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144
Figures of ditto
145
Geographical Extent
146
Figure exhibiting ditto
147
Physical Geography
148
Igneous Rocks
148
Mineral Veins
149
Close of the Silurian Period, and ensuing Disturbances of the Crust of the Globe
149
Figures exhibiting ditto
151
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153
Devonian System
154
Composition
154
Organic Remains
156
Tables exhibiting ditto
157
Figures of ditto
158
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159
Geographical Extent
160
Carboniferous System
162
Composition
162
Structure
160
Figures of ditto
164
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165
Succession and Thickness of its Strata
166
Organic Remains
170
Figures of ditto
171
,
173
,
175
Physical Geography
175
Geographical Extent
177
Igneous Rocks
184
General View of the Circumstances under which the Carboniferous System was deposited
186
Extent of British Coal Fields under superior Strata Disturbances of the Carboniferous System
193
Figures illustrating ditto
194
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195
Permian System (
Magnesian Limestone Series of England
)
195
Composition
196
Structure of its Deposition
197
Divisional Planes
197
Succession and Thickness of its Strata
197
Organic Remains
198
Table of ditto
199
Figures of ditto
200
Table of Fauna of
201
Geographical Extent
202
Mesozoic Strata.
Triassic System (
Part of Saliferous of former Editions
)
203
Composition
203
Organic Remains
205
Geographical Extent
206
Physical Geography
208
Igneous Rocks
208
Origin and Aggregation of the Materials of the Triassic and Permian Systems
209
Origin of Rock Salt and Gypsum
210
Oolitic System
214
Composition
214
Structure
217
Divisional Planes
217
Series of Strata
218
Table exhibiting ditto
219
Figures illustrating ditto
220
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221
Organic Remains
222
Tables of ditto
222
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224
Figures of ditto
224
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225
Geographical Extent
226
Figure of ditto
229
Physical Geography
230
Figure illustrating ditto
230
General Review of the System
231
Cretaceous System
233
Composition
233
Stratification
235
Succession of its Strata
236
Organic Remains
237
Figures of ditto
238
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240
Geographical Extent
240
Physical Geography
242
Igneous Rocks
243
Close of the Secondary Period, and ensuing Disturbances of the Crust of the Globe
244
Cainozoic or Tertiary Strata.
. (
Supercretaceous Deposits
, &c.)
249
Composition
250
Structure and Stratification
251
Divisional Planes
252
Succession and Thickness of its Strata
252
Freshwater Formations
254
Geographical Extent and Physical Geography
260
Organic Remains
264
In Marine Deposits
272
In Lacustrine and Lignitic Deposits of known Era
273
In Lacustrine Deposits of doubtful Era
275
Figures of ditto
275
Disturbing Movements during and after the Tertiary Period
276
Post-Tertiary and Modern Strata
(including Pleistocene and other Deposits)
View of the Relation of these to Tertiary Strata
278
Classification of
281
Detrital Deposits
281
Erratic Block Group
283
Ossiferous Gravel, Pebbly Clay, Sand, &c.
298
Ossiferous Caves and Fissures
303
General Table of Vertebral Remains in Post-Tertiary Accumulations
304
Description of Caverns
310
General Considerations on "Diluvial" Phenomena
316
Zoological and Botanical Character of "Diluvial" Period
319
Ancient Marine Deposits
321
Raised Beaches
321
Change of Level of Land adjoining the Baltic
324
Marine Deposits in Progress
329
Coral Reefs
329
Mr. Stutchbury's Views of
330
Mr. Darwin, on Coral Islands
333
Shell Beds
336
Classes of Shells
340
Banks of Sand, Clay, Gravel, &c.
341