The Opening of International Intercourse—The Restoration of Administrative Power to the Emperor—Imperial Oath of the Five Principles—The Constitution and Rules of the Deliberative Assembly of the Local Authorities—Administrative Reform—The Opening of the Assembly of Provincial Authorities—The Drafting of the Constitutional Law—The Establishment of a Parliament—The Reorganization of the Cabinet—National Education—Promulgation of the Constitution—The First Meeting of the Diet—The Building of Men-of-war—Official Discipline—War with China—Volunteer Troops—The Chino-Japanese War—The Restoration of Peace—The Retrocession of the Liaotong Peninsula—The Soldiers and Sailors—The Revised Treaties—The Boxer Outbreak—War with Russia
The Emperor Jimmu—The Fujiwara Family— Beginning of the Shogunate Regime—Development of a Military Class—-The Taira Clan—Yoritomo the Seji Daishogun—The Feudal System Established—The Growth of the Tokugawa Shogunate—The Pacification and Unification of the Country—Early Foreign Visits—The Arrival of Commodore Perry—The Isolation of the Shogun—The Restoration—The Resignation of the Shogun—The Civil War of 1868–1869—Development since the Restoration
The Emperor’s Attributes and Powers—The Succession to the Throne —Regency—The Rights and Duties of Subjects—Religious Freedom —Freedom of Speech and Writings—The Imperial Diet—The House of Peers—The House of Representatives—The Ministers of State —The Judicature—Finance and the Budget—Amendments to the Constitution
The Adoption of Western Methods—The Two All-Important Events in Japanese History—The Influence of the Emperor—The Revised Treaties—Finance and National Resources—Population—National Progress—China and Japan
Cabinet Ministers Responsible only to the Emperor—The Organization of the Constitutional Political Association—Election Campaigns—Agriculture—Retrenchment and Government Annoyances—The National Finances—-Review of the History of Finances—Necessary Steps in the Future
The Election Law for Members of the House of Representatives—Electoral Districts—Qualifications of Voters and Candidates—Naturalization—Imperial Ordinance concerning the House of Peers
The Skeleton and Flesh of a State—The Muscle and Blood—The ‘Bushi’—The Effects of Military Statesmen—The Pacific Coast the Centre of International Trade—Japan’s Qualities as a Nation—The Influence of Chinese Classics—The Economic Spirit—Mr. Bryce on the Japanese Constitution—A Supply Department—Encouraging Home Industries—The Appointment of Consuls under the Department of Commerce—The Commercial Supremacy of the Pacific and of the Asiatic Continent
The Early Military Organization—Quasi-Conscription and Conscription—The Army and Civil Wars—The Reconstruction of 1883—The Chino-Japanese War—The Boxer Disturbance—China’s Hope
The Minister of War—Peace and War Establishments—Transport—Pay and Pensions—The National Defence Office—The Staff College—The Appointment of Officers—Recruiting—Education
Early Days—The Restoration—Naval Administration—Naval Stations and Dockyards—Personnel—Executive Officers—Engineer Officers—Petty Officers and Men—The Naval Academy—Naval Expenditure—Pay
Before the Restoration—The Question of Corea—The Question of Sakhalin—The Question of Liukiu—The Question of Treaty Revision—Date’s Mission to China and Lord Iwakura’s Mission to Europe and America—The Affair of the Maria Luz—Soyejima’s Mission to China—The Great Cabinet Rupture of 1873—The Formosan Expedition and the Treaty of Tientsin—Solution of the Question of Liukiu—Solution of the Question of Sakhalin—The Corean Affair of 1884—War Between China and Japan—System of Japanese Diplomacy
SPECIALLY PREPARED IN THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY, TOKYO
Supply and Demand of University Graduates—The Necessity for more Universities—Primary Education—Secondary Education—The Lack of Good Teachers—Foreign Languages—Kwazokus, Shizokus, and Heimin—Middle and Higher Schools—Defects of the Present Preparatory Educational System—The Constitution of Tokyo University—Law Graduates and State Examinations—The College of Medicine—The Engineering College—The College of Literature— The College of Science—The College of Agriculture—The Number of Graduates during the Ten Years to 1900 in the Different Courses—The Time necessary to Complete an Education in Japan
The Position of Woman in the Past and Present—Great Authoresses and Poets—Historical Female Figures—The Problem of Women’s Education—Compulsory Education for Boys and Girls—Kindergartens and Elementary Schools—The Curricula of Higher Schools for Women—The Higher Normal School for Women—The Peeress’ School—Academy of Music—The Tokyo Jiogakkwan—The Women’s University—The Occupations of Women—Institutions organized by Women—The Future Position of Women
The Difficulties of a Survey of the Moral System of a Whole People—Tourists’ Misconceptions of Japan—Chivalry in Europe and in Japan—The Effects of the Feudal System—Why Foreign Visitors think Japan Immoral—Bushido: Fighting - Knight - Ways—Morality of Bushido based on Manhood and Manliness—Samuraiism not a Code—The Influence of Chinese Classics—Buddhism—Bushido the Totality of the Moral Instincts of the Japanese Race—The Moral Teachings of Shintoism—The Person the most Precious Legacy left by our Fathers—Stewards of our Health—Self-mastery a Primary Virtue—The Voice of Conscience the only Criterion of Right and Wrong—Sich schämen—Rectitude—Benevolence—Love for Emperor and Country—Parental and Filial Love—Filial Piety the First of the Virtues—The Samurai Attitude towards Women—Stoicism—Politeness and Propriety of Conduct—Veracity—The Mercantile Calling and the Samurai—The Ethics of Harakiri—A Survey of the Religions of the World—Bushido the one Foundation of Patriotism and Loyalty—Necessity for Loyalty to the Best that has been Inherited—Yamato-Damashii, the Soul of Japan
Ancestor-Worship in Europe and America—Ancestor-Worship in Japan—The Origin of Ancestor-Worship—Love of Ancestors, not Dread, the Cause of Worship —The Sacred Places in every Japanese House—The Worship of Imperial Ancestors—The Eleven Great Festival Days—The Worship of Clan Ancestors—The Worship of Family Ancestors—The Shinto and the Buddhist Ceremonies—The Worship of Imperial Ancestors the National Worship—The House—Marriage—Divorce—Adoption—Succession
Looking Back to the Beginning of the Present Era—The State of Affairs at the Restoration—The anti-Foreign Feeling—The Unsatisfactory Financial Condition—Disinclination of the Government for Economy—The Redemption of State and other Paper Money—The Popular Clamour for a Constitution—The Revision of the Foreign Treaties—The War with China and its Results—A Parallel with the Franco-Prussian War—Japan necessary for the Maintenance of the Balance in the Far East—Foreign Capital absolutely necessary—A Scheme for its Introduction—The Financial Condition not Unsound
The Need for Systematic Development—Railways and Spinning Industry—A Scheme needed to Make the National Industries Self-supporting—The Outflow of Gold—Attention to the Chinese Markets, a Lesson from Great Britain—The Revision of Foreign Treaties and the Introduction of Foreign Capital—The Adoption of a more Liberal Policy essential
The Effects of the War of 1894–95—The post-bellum Programme—Increased Taxation to meet the Increased Expenditure—The Adoption of the Gold Standard—The Sudden Uprising of Industrial Enterprises—Financial Difficulties resulting from the War—The Crisis of 1899—Further Increase in Taxation necessary—Public Loans floated at Home and Abroad—The Budget of 1900–1901 placed on a Sound Footing—The Boxer Outbreak—The Fall of the Ito Cabinet in 1901—The Burden of Taxation—The Economic Distress of 1901—The Establishment of Gold Monometallism—The Coinage System in Vogue at the Restoration—The Coinage Law of 1871—The Rebellion of 1877—The Redemption of the Paper Money and the Increase of the Specie Reserve—Japan a de facto Silver Standard Country—The Depreciation of Silver—The Difficulties in the Way of the Adoption of a Gold Standard—The Disposal of the Surplus Silver Coins—The Accomplishment of the Change from the Silver to the Gold Standard
The Organization of the Finance Department—The Procedure with regard to the Budget—Ordinary and Extraordinary Expenditure—The Diet compared to a Shareholders’ Meeting—The Financial Difficulties in the Diet in 1902—Brief Survey of the Financial Policy in the Past—The Encouragement of Thrift—The Condition of the Money Market—Financial and Administrative Organization—The Special Commission of 1902—Possible Future Sources of Revenue—The Third Naval Expansion Scheme and its Necessity—The Necessity for the Maintenance of Sea Power
The Revolution of 1868—Early Financial Embarrassments—The Results of the Feudal System—The Impulse for Unification—The Surrender of the Feudal Lands—The Reform of the Land Tax in 1881—The Early Revenue and the Growth of Taxation—The Increase in National Expenditure after the War of 1894–95—The Development of the System of Taxation—The Growth of the Finance Department
The Land Tax—The Business Tax—The Income Tax—The Saké Tax—The Soy Tax—The Sugar Excise—The Tax on Bourses—The Mining Tax—Tonnage Dues—The Tax on Patent Medicines— Customs Duties—Stamp Receipts—The per capita Charges of Taxes and Debts
The First Public Loans at the Restoration—Public Loans for the Prosecution of Public Works—Public Loans for Military Expansion—Public Loans for the Adjustment of Financial Administration—The Amount of Public Loans Redeemed and Outstanding
The National Bank Regulations in 1872—The Change of National Banks into Private Banks—The Use of Cheques and Credit Notes—The Yokohama Specie Bank—The Bank of Japan—Local Industrial Banks—The Bank of Formosa—The Number of Banks—Banks under Government Patronage—The Powers and Duties of the Bank of Japan—Various Banks and their Scope—Bankers’ Associations and Clearing-houses—Ordinary Banks and Savings Banks
The Solid Good Sense of the People—The Growth of Luxury—The Encouragement of Economy—The Value of the Depression of 1900–1901—The Necessity for proper Economic Training—The Unbounded National Resources—Competition with Foreign Countries on an Equal Footing
Financial Stringency an Attack of Sickness—The Inevitable Depression consequent upon Rapid Expansion—Judging a Nation’s Wealth on a Wrong Basis—Foreign Trade not the only Criterion of National Wealth—The Foreign Trade and the Remarkable Development of Ten Years—The National Debt Lower per capita than that of any other Nation—The Lessons of the Crisis
The Real Force of Progress in Business, not in Politics—The Necessity for Co-operation—Four Peculiarities of Japanese Character—Many Points of Incompleteness in Japan’s Development—The Necessity for Foreign Capital—A System of Trusteeship for the Foreign Investor—Competition in American and European Markets—The Trade of the Oriental Countries Japan’s Natural Share—The Resources of Japan—The Fatal Results of too much Militarism—Necessary Measures to insure Future Progress
Revenue and Expenditure—The Public Debt—Money in Circulation—Cheques—Rate of Interest—Prices of Commodities—Wages—The Corporation System—Banks—Railways—Navigation—Foreign Trade—The Tea Industry—Rice and Grain—The Weaving Industry—Cotton-spinning Industry—Raw Silk—Mining Industry
Tariff and Foreign Trade—The Stock and Rice Exchanges—The Chambers of Commerce—Public and Private Thrift—The Consolidation of Local Debts—The Shortening of the Period of Military Service—The Importation of Capital—Population and Colonization
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Agriculture the Chief Industry—The Tendency of the Rural Populations to Drift to the Towns—The Sugar Industry—The Cotton-Growers—Experimental Farming—Fruit
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Sericulture as Old as Japan—The Introduction of the Chinese Silkworm—Imperial Encouragement and Early Difficulties—The Export of Silkworm Eggs—The Teachings of Prince Shotoku as to the Rearing of the Silkworm—The Effect of the World’s Fair at Vienna in 1872—The Development of the Industry mostly as a By-Industry of the Farmer—The Growth of the Export Trade
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Rice Harvest and its Effect upon the National Economy—The Production of Rice and the National Consumption—Import and Export of Rice—Action by the Government to Increase the Supply of Rice
Tea Industry introduced from China 2,000 Years ago—The Beginning of Export Trade—The Trade with America and Adulteration— Government Action among the Tea-Growers—Establishment of a Central Organization—Tea-Inspection Offices—Tea the Foundation of American-Japanese Trade—The Method of Manufacture and of Export
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Forests under Direct Protection of the Imperial Government—Protection Forests and Utilization Forests—Encouragement of Planting in the Past and the Present—Diverse Climatic Conditions—Varieties of Trees
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
Fish the most Important Article of Food—Development of the Industry, Coasting and Deep-Sea Work—The Effect of the Currents—The Boats in Use—The Fishing Gear—The Money-lenders—Fish Culture
Tobacco Taxation in 1876—The Tobacco Monopoly in 1896—The Duties of the Cultivator—The Functions of the Government—The Organization of the Monopoly Offices
The Importance of the Industry—The First Proposals—The Appointment of a Committee of Inquiry—The Beginning of the Works—An Additional Appropriation necessary—Situation and Extent of the Works—The Products of the Works—Favourable Prospects—The Steel Foundry at Kure
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Geological Formation of the Islands—Mining in the Early Days— Introduction of Explosives by Foreigners—The Taking Over of the Mines by the Imperial Government—Establishment of a Mining School—The Minerals recognised by Law—The Position of Foreigners—The Regulations Governing Concessions and Mining —Copper-mines—Coal-mines—The Mining Law—The Mineral Output
SPECIALLY PREPARED UNDER MR. FURUKAWA’S SUPERVISION
Japan the Third Copper-producing Country—Mr. Furukawa and the Mining Industry—Mr. Furukawa on Mining—The Ashio Coppermine—Early History—Development since the Restoration—Present Condition—Methods of Working—Electricity and Water Power—The Employés
The Labouring Classes under the Feudal System—The Labour Question after the War with China—The Principal Incidents in the Progress of Labour Organization—The ‘Labour World’—The Police Regulations—Labour Agitation—The Labour Problem to be Solved by Political Movements—Socialism and Political Support
PREPARED BY THE MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE
The Revolution of Industrial Conditions—The Numbers of Companies and of Workpeople—Day Workers—Boarding Workers—The Employment of Children—Working Hours—Wages—The Control and Supervision of Industry—Guilds—Technical Education—Apprentice System—The Mine Workers
The Early History of Navigation—The Mitsu Bishi Mail Steamship Company—The Nippon Yusen Kaisha—The Effect of the Chinese War—Japan Tenth among the Maritime Nations in 1898—The Japanese Share in the Carrying Trade of the Country—Seamen as well as Ships—Shipbuilding—The Future of Maritime Enterprise—Exports and Imports—Wages and Prices of Commodities—The Necessity for Foreign Capital
Early Japanese Vessels—Shipbuilding checked by the Policy of Isolation—The Coming of Commodore Perry and its Consequences—The Necessity for a Navy—The Wreck of the Russian Man-of-war Diana—The Coming of Dutch Naval Instructors—The Foundation of a Dockyard at Nagasaki by the Dutch Experts—The Subsequent Acquisition of this Yard by the Mitsu Bishi Firm—Foundation of Yokosuka Dockyard by French Experts—Review of Shipbuilding Progress since the Restoration—The Shipbuilding Encouragement Law—The Present Condition of shipbuilding
BY THE PRINCIPAL OF THE SHOSEN GAKKO (GOVERNMENT NAUTICAL COLLEGE), TOKYO
The Need for Competent Officers—The Founding of the Nautical College—The Curriculum—Departments of Navigation and of Engineering—Training-ships—Schools for Training Seamen
The First Railway—The Progress of Railway Construction—Government and Private Lines—The Cost of the Railways—The Receipts from Passenger and Goods Traffic—Working Expenses—Distribution of Railways in the Different Islands—The Present Condition
The Changes since the Feudal System—The Earliest Records—Clan Government—The Centralization of Administration and Adoption of Chinese Ideas—The Board of Ecclesiastical Rites placed on a Level with the Government—Changes leading to the Decline of the Influence of the Central Government—The Bakufu Legal System—‘The People should obey the Law, but should not know the Law’—The Tokugawa Dynasty’s One Hundred Articles—The Restrictions on Foreign Intercourse—The System of Social Policy—The Introduction of Occidental Systems—The Institution of the Senate and Court of Cassation—The Promulgation of the Constitution—The Civil Code—The Commercial Code—The Penal Code—Foreign Influences in the Present Legal System
The Police System Part of the State Organization—The General Expenditure, and how it is Met—The Duties of the Police Force—Judicial Police—Policemen are ‘Government Officials,’ not Servants—The Earlier High Standard of the Police Force and its Decline —The Police and Prison College
The Supervision of Prison Administration—The Organization of the Prison System—Governors and Officials—Financial Arrangements—The Training of Officials—The Population of Prisons—Pardons and Paroles—Capital Punishment—Medals and Rewards granted to Prisoners—Disciplinary Punishments—Recent Reforms—Prison Labour—Prison Statistics
The Nara Period—Religious Art—The Heian Period—Pairings of Pictures—The Kamakura Period—The Ashikaga Period—The Oda-Toyotomi Period and the Revival of Art—The Tokugawa Period—Hokusai and Korin—The Meiji Era—The Destruction of everything Old—Slow Return to Ancient Excellence—The Effect of the Foreigner—The Characteristics of Japanese Pictures—The Prices of Pictures—The Art of Gardening
Little Literature from Nara Period—Literary Culture greatly Developed in Heian Period—Light Literature principally Written by Women—Genji Monogatari and Makura-no-Soshi—The Question of Morals—The Literary Decadence during the Military Period—The Revival under the Tokugawa Period—The ‘No’—Chinese Influences—Bakin’s Works and School—Popular Drama—A Comparison between Japanese and Western Drama—The Effect of the Popular Drama upon the People—Shakespeare’s Shortcomings—The Present Condition of Literature
The Public Press as a Gauge of Progress—The Press a Great Power—The Origin of Newspapers in Japan—The Yomiuri Sheets—The Early Newspapers—The Art of Printing—Government Gazettes—The Chugai Shimbun—The Starting of a Newspaper by an Englishman named Black—Tokyo like Paris—Yellow Journalism—News Agencies—The Press as a Step to Political Power—The Future of the Press
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CHAPTER XXVIII
POSTS, TELEGRAPHS, AND TELEPHONES
BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE BUREAU OF POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS
Inauguration—Stamps—Postcards—Uniformity in Postal Charges—The Postal Union—Post Offices and Postal Agencies—Parcel Post—Postal Orders—Postal Savings Banks
The Anglo-Japanese Relations the Keynote—Earliest Contact between the two Powers—Russian Aggression—The Tsushima Affair—The Port Lazareff-Port Hamilton Affair—The Boxer Outbreak—The Manchurian Question—English and Japanese Interests Identical—Japan and Western Civilization—Differences of Race and Religion—Religious Freedom—No Fear of Yellow Peril from Japan—China not a Warlike or Expanding Nation—England, America, and Japan—Japan’s Defeat, England’s Defeat
The Development of the Administrative Organization—The Enlargement of the Police Force—General Sanitation and the Opium Question—The Improvement of Shipping Facilities—Railway Construction, Road-making, and Harbour Works
The Work of the Home Government—The Necessary Expenditure to Cover the Cost of Colonization—Railway Construction—Harbour Works—Lighthouses—Official Buildings—Education—Government Monopolies in Opium, Salt, and Camphor—Agricultural and Mineral Resources—Banking and Finances
Constitution of the Empire of Japan—Laws Specially Decreed to Apply to Formosa—Administrative System—Imperial Ordinances and Laws having Effect in Formosa by their Nature—Taxation—Courts and Judicial Administration
Woman’s Part in Old Japan—The Springtime of Japanese Womanhood—The Effect of Buddhism—The Feudal Period—The Introduction of Western Ideas—The Woman’s University and Woman’s Education—School-life Training for Home-life—The Lines of Woman’s Education and the Future of Women
