JOURNAL
OF THE
RIGHT HON. SIR JOSEPH BANKS
Swan Electric Engraving Company.
The Right Honble Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. K.B. P.R.S.
From a Portrait by Thomas Phillips r.a. in the possession of the Royal Society of London.
JOURNAL
of
THE RIGHT HON.
SIR JOSEPH BANKS
BART., K.B., P.R.S.
DURING CAPTAIN COOK'S FIRST VOYAGE IN H.M.S.
ENDEAVOUR IN 1768-71 TO TERRA DEL FUEGO,
OTAHITE, NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA,
THE DUTCH EAST INDIES,
ETC.
Edited by
With Portraits and Charts
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
1896
All rights reserved
My dear Admiral—Allow me to dedicate to you, as the able Editor of Captain Cook's Journal of his first voyage round the world, that of his fellow-voyager Sir Joseph Banks, in token of the great assistance afforded me through your labour on the aforesaid work, and as the efficient and accomplished tenant of an office for which I have ever entertained a profound respect, that of Hydrographer of the Admiralty.
Let me at the same time take the opportunity of coupling with your name my tribute to the memory of three of your predecessors, who honoured me with their friendship, and encouraged me in my scientific career as an officer in the service to which you belong—Admiral Sir F. Beaufort, Admiral Washington, and Captain Sir F. Evans.
Believe me,
Very sincerely yours,
- The Camp, Sunningdale,
May 1896.
PREFACE
My principal motive for editing the Journal kept by Sir Joseph Banks during Lieutenant Cook's first voyage round the world is to give prominence to his indefatigable labours as an accomplished observer and ardent collector during the whole period occupied by that expedition, and thus to present him as the pioneer of those naturalist voyagers of later years, of whom Darwin is the great example.
This appears to me to be the more desirable, because in no biographical notice of Banks are his labours and studies as a working naturalist adequately set forth. Indeed, the only allusion I can find to their literally enormous extent and value is in the interesting letter from Linnæus to Ellis, which will be found on p. xl. In respect of Cook's first voyage this is in a measure due to the course pursued by Dr. Hawkesworth in publishing the account of the expedition, when Banks, with singular disinterestedness, placed his Journal in that editor's hands, with permission to make what use of it he thought proper. The result was that Hawkesworth[1] selected only such portions as would interest the general public, incorporating them with Cook's Journal, often without allusion to their author, and not unfrequently introducing into them reflections of his own as being those of Cook or of Banks. Fortunately the recent publication by Admiral Wharton of Cook's own Journal[2] has helped to rectify this, for any one comparing the two narratives can have no difficulty in recognising the source whence Hawkesworth derived his information.
Another motive for editing Banks's Journal is to emphasise the important services which its author rendered to the expedition. It needs no reading between the lines of the great navigator's Journal, to discover his estimation of the ability of his companion, of the value of his researches, and of the importance of his active co-operation on many occasions. It was Banks who rapidly mastered the language of the Otahitans and became the interpreter of the party, and who was the investigator of the customs, habits, etc., of these and of the natives of New Zealand. It was often through his activity that the commissariat was supplied with food. He was on various occasions the thief-taker, especially in the case of his hazardous expedition for the recovery of the stolen quadrant, upon the use of which, in observing the transit of Venus across the sun's disc, the success of the expedition so greatly depended. And, above all, it is to Banks's forethought and at his own risk that an Otahitan man and boy were taken on board, through whom Banks directed, when in New Zealand, those inquiries into the customs of its inhabitants, which are the foundation of our knowledge of that interesting people. And when it is considered that the information obtained was at comparatively few points, and those on the coast only, the fulness and accuracy of the description of the New Zealanders, even as viewed in the light of modern knowledge, are very remarkable. Nor should it be forgotten that it was to the drawings made by the artists whom Banks took in his suite that the public is indebted for the magnificent series of plates that adorn Hawkesworth's account of the voyage. Still another motive is, that Banks's Journal gives a life-like portrait of a naturalist's daily occupation at sea and ashore nearly one hundred and thirty years ago; and thus supplements the history of a voyage which, for extent and importance of geographic and hydrographic results, was unique and "to the English nation the most momentous voyage of discovery that has ever taken place" (Wharton's Cook, Preface), and which has, moreover, directly led to the prosperity of the Empire; for it was owing to the reports of Cook and Banks, and, it is believed, to the representations of the latter on the advantages of Botany Bay as a site for a settlement, that Australia was first colonised.
The following brief history of the Journal itself is interesting. On Sir J. Banks's death without issue in 1820, his property and effects passed to the Hugessen (his wife's) family, with the exception of the library, herbarium, and the lease of the house in Soho Square. These were left to his librarian, the late eminent botanist, Robert Brown, F.R.S., with the proviso that after that gentleman's death, the library and herbarium were to go to the British Museum. Banks's papers and correspondence, including the Journal of the voyage of the Endeavour, were then placed by the trustees in Mr. Brown’s hands, with the object of his writing a Life of Banks, which he had agreed to do. Age and infirmities, however, interfered with his prosecution of this work, and at his suggestion the materials were transferred with the same object to my maternal grandfather, Dawson Turner, F.R.S.,[3] an eminent botanist and antiquarian, who had been a friend of Banks. Mr. Turner at once had the whole faithfully transcribed, but for which precaution the Journal would as a whole have been irretrievably lost, as the sequel will show. Beyond having copies of the manuscript made, Mr. Turner seems to have done nothing towards the Life, and after a lapse of some years the originals were returned, together with the copies, to Mr. Knatchbull Hugessen, who placed them in the hands of the late Mr. Bell, Secretary of the Royal Society, in the hopes that he would undertake to write the Life. For their subsequent wanderings and the ultimate fate of many portions, I am indebted to Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S., late Keeper of the Botanical Collections at the British Museum, who has favoured me with the following interesting letter concerning them:—
British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington, S.W.,
14th July 1893.
Dear Sir Joseph—Since I saw you about the Journal of Sir Joseph Banks in Captain Cook's Voyage, I have been making further inquiries regarding the original document.
The Banksian Journal and correspondence were sent to the Botanical Department, after correspondence with Mr. Knatchbull Hugessen, to remain in my keeping till the death of Lady Knatchbull, when it would become the property of the trustees. I was instructed to deposit it in the Manuscript Department. This was in October 1873. Some time thereafter I persuaded Mr. Daydon Jackson to look at the correspondence with the view of preparing a biography of Banks. This he agreed to do. I wrote to Mr. Bell, who informed me in a letter written 14th February 1876, that he had tried to get Lord Stanhope to undertake the biography, when he found that he could not himself face it, and thereafter Mr. Colquhoun and then Mr. John Ball, F.R.S. I obtained from the box, by leave from Mr. Bond, then Keeper of MSS., in the beginning of 1876, the transcripts made for Mr. Dawson Turner by his two daughters, which have remained under my care in the Botanical Department.
The story of the originals after I parted with them is a distressing one. Some seven or eight years ago Lord Brabourne claimed the letters as his property. Mr. Maunde Thompson remonstrated, and told him that they were to remain in the museum till the death of Lady Knatchbull, and then they were to become the property of the trustees. Lord Brabourne would not accept this view, but claimed them as his own, and carried off the box and its contents. They were afterwards offered to the museum for sale, but the price offered by the Keeper of the MSS. was not satisfactory, and the whole collection was broken up into lots, 207, and sold by auction at Sotheby's on 14th April 1886. The Journal of Cook's voyage was lot 176, and was described in the catalogue as "Banks's (Sir Joseph) Journal of a Voyage to the Sandwich Islands and New Zealand, from March 1769[4] to July 1771, in the autograph of Banks." It was purchased by an autograph dealer, John Waller, for £7:2:6. Mr. Britten has gone to Waller's to inquire after the Journal. Waller did not specially remember that purchase, and he does not believe he has got the manuscript. So where it is now no one knows.[5] As you will see, the earlier portion of the Journal was missing in the lot sold. Waller bought in all 57 lots. The letters were broken up and sold as autographs; those that he purchased and did not know, like those of Brass, Nelson, Alex. Anderson, etc., and were of no money value, he would probably at once destroy, so he told Mr. Britten. So now all is gone—for whether the letters are preserved by autograph collectors, or were at once thrown into the wastepaper basket, they are equally lost to science. The 207 lots realised in all £182:19s.!
The result is that the Journal and letters transcribed for Dawson Turner, and now here, are the only ones available. I am thankful they have been saved out of the catastrophe.
Your transcriber is diligently at work.—I am, faithfully yours,
CONTENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
Page xxiii | |
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Page„ xliii | |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
Page„ lii |
England to Rio de Janeiro
Departure—Birds and marine animals—Species of Dagysa—Madeira—Dr. Heberden—Madeira mahogany—Wine-making—Vines—Carts—Vegetable productions—Convent—Chapel wainscoted with bones—General account of Madeira—Peak of Teneriffe—Marine animals—Cross the equator—Climate of tropics—Luminous animals in the water—Trade winds—Brazilian fishermen—Sargasso weed—Rio harbour |
Page 1 |
Rio de Janeiro
Obstacles to landing—Viceroy memorialised—Boat's crew imprisoned—Vegetation, etc.—Ship fired at—Leave Rio harbour—Description of Rio—Churches—Government—Hindrances to travellers—Population—Military—Assassinations—Vegetables—Fruits—Manufactures—Mines—Jewels—Coins—Fortifications—Climate |
Page 26 |
Rio to Terra del Fuego
Birds—Christmas—Insects floating at sea—"Baye sans fond"—Cancer gregarius—Fucus giganteus—Penguins—Terra del Fuego—Staten Island—Vegetation—Winter's bark, celery—Fuegians—Excursion inland—Great cold and snow-storm—Sufferings of the party—Death of two men from cold—Return to ship—Shells—Native huts—General appearance of the country—Animals—Plants—Scurvy grass, celery—Inhabitants and customs—Language—Food—Arms—Probable nomadic habits—Dogs—Climate |
Page 43 |
Terra del Fuego to Otahite
Leave Terra del Fuego—Cape Horn—Albatross and other birds, etc.—Multiplication of Dagysa—Cuttlefish—Cross the line drawn by the Royal Society between the South Sea and the Pacific Ocean—Tropic birds—Occupation of Saturn—Freshness of the water taken on board at Terra del Fuego—Speculations respecting a southern continent—Marine animals—Suicide of a marine—Scurvy—Lemon juice—Lagoon Island—King George III. Island—Means adopted for preventing the scurvy—Preserved cabbage |
Page 62 |
Otahite
Reception by natives—Peace offerings and ceremonies—Thieving—Natives fired upon—Death of Mr. Buchan, the artist—Lycurgus and Hercules—Tents erected—An honest native—Flies—Music—A foreign axe found—Thefts—Names of the natives—The Dolphin's Queen—Quadrant stolen—Dootahah made prisoner—Visit to Dootahah—Wrestling—Tubourai offended—Natives at divine service—Cask stolen—Natives swimming in surf—Imao—Transit of Venus—Nails stolen by sailors—Mourning—Previous visit of foreign ships—Banks takes part in a native funeral ceremony—Travelling musicians—Canoes seized for thefts—Dogs as food—Circumnavigation of the island—Image of man made of basketwork—Gigantic buildings (marai)—Battlefield—Return to station—Bread-fruit—Excursion inland—Volcanic nature of the island—Seeds planted—Dismantling the fort—Banks engages a native to go to England |
Page 73 |
Otahite to Oheteroa
Departure from Otahite—Huahine—Ulhietea—God-houses—Boats and boathouses—Otahah—Bola-Bola—Return to Ulhietea—Reception by natives—Dancing—Pearls—The King of Bola-Bola—Native drama—Oheteroa—Dress—Arms |
Page 110 |
General Account of the South Sea Islands
Description of the people—Tattowing—Cleanliness—Clothing—Ornaments and head-dress—Houses—Food—Produce of the sea—Fruits—Animals—Cooking—Mahai-making—Drinking salt water—Meals—Women eat apart from the men—Pastimes—Music—Attachment to old customs—Making of cloth from bark—Dyes and dyeing—Mats—Manufacture of fishing-nets—Fish-hooks—Carpentry, etc.—Boats and boat-building—Fighting, fishing, and travelling ivahahs—Instability of the boats—Paddles, sails, and ornaments—Pahies—Predicting the weather—Astronomy—Measurement of time and space—Language—Its resemblance to other languages—Diseases—Medicine and surgery—Funeral ceremonies—Disposal of the dead—Religion—Origin of mankind—Gods—Priests—Marriage—Marais—Bird-gods—Government—Ranks —Army and battles—Justice |
Page 127 |
South Sea Islands to New Zealand (Thames River)
Waterspout—Comet: its effect on natives—Diary at sea—Condition of ship's supplies—Port Egmont hens—Land of New Zealand made—A native shot—Conflict with natives—Capture of a canoe—Poverty Bay—Natives come on board—Their appearance and clothing—Boy seized by natives—Appearance of the land—Occupations of the natives—Bracken as food—Mode of fighting—Religion—A large canoe—Natives throw stones on board—Coast along New Zealand—Habits of natives—Transit of Mercury—Shags—Oysters—Lobster-catching—Heppahs or forts—Thames River—Timber trees |
Page 179 |
Circumnavigation of New Zealand
Tattowing—Thieving of the natives—Cannibalism—Rapid healing of shot-wounds—Native seines—Paper mulberry—Native accounts of their ancestors' expedition to other countries—Three Kings' Islands—Christmas Day—Albatross swimming—Mount Egmont—Murderers' Bay—Queen Charlotte's Sound—Threats of natives—Corpses thrown into the sea—Cannibalism—Singing-birds—Fishing-nets—Human head preserved—Discovery of Cook's Straits—Native names for New Zealand, and traditions—Courteous native family—Leave Queen Charlotte's Sound—Tides—Cape Turnagain—Coast along the southern island—Banks' Peninsula—Appearance of minerals—Mountains along the west coast—Anchor in Admiralty Bay |
Page 203 |
General Account of New Zealand
Its discovery by Tasman—Mountain—Harbours—Cultivation—Trees—Suitability of Thames River for colonisation—Climate—Absence of native quadrupeds—Birds—Insects—Fish—Plants—Native and introduced vegetables—Absence of fruits—New Zealand flax—Population—Qualities of the natives—Tattowing and painting—Dress—Head-dresses—Ear and nose-ornaments—Houses—Food—Cannibalism amongst men—Freedom from disease—Canoes—Carving—Tools—Cloth fabrics—Nets—Tillage—Weapons—Spontoons—War and other songs—Human trophies—Heppahs—Chiefs—Religion—Burial—Language |
Page 221 |
New Zealand to Australia (Endeavour River)
Choice of routes—Reasons in favour of and against the existence of a southern continent—Suggestions for a proposed expedition in search of it—Leave New Zealand—Malt wort—Portuguese man-of-war and its sting—Hot weather—Land seen—Waterspouts—Variation of the compass—Natives—Their indifference to the ship—Opposition to landing—Excursion into the country—Vegetation and animals seen—Botanising—Timidity of the natives—Enormous sting-rays—Treachery of the natives—Leave Botany Bay—Ants—Stinging caterpillars—Gum trees—Oysters—Crabs—Figs impregnated by Cynips—East Indian plants—Ants' nests—Butterflies—Amphibious fish—Ship strikes on a coral rock—Critical position—Fothering the ship—Steadiness of the crew—The ship taken into the Endeavour River—Scurvy |
Page 254 |
Australia (Endeavour River) to Torres Straits
Pumice-stone—Ship laid ashore—Kangooroos seen—White ants—Preserving plants—Chama gigas—Fruits thrown up on the beach—Excursion up the country—Making friends with the Indians—A kangooroo killed—Turtle—Indians attempt to steal turtle and fire the grass—Didelphis—Among the shoals and islands—Lizard Island—Signs of natives crossing from the mainland—Ship passes through Cook's passage—Outside the grand reef—Ship almost driven on to the reef by the tides—Passes inside the reef again—Corals—Straits between Australia and New Guinea |
Page 281 |
Some Account of that Part of New Holland Now Called New South Wales
General appearance of the coast—Dampier's narrative—Barrenness of the country—Scarcity of water—Vegetables and fruits—Timber—Palms—Gum trees—Quadrupeds—Birds—Insects—Ants and their habitations—Fish—Turtle—Shell-fish—Scarcity of people—Absence of cultivation—Description of natives—Ornaments—Absence of vermin—Implements for catching fish—Food—Cooking—Habitations—Furniture—Vessels for carrying water—Bags—Tools—Absence of sharp instruments—Native method of procuring fire—Weapons—Throwing-sticks—Shield—
Cowardice of the people—Canoes—Climate—Language |
Page 296 |
Australia to Savu Island
"Sea-sawdust"—New Guinea—Landing—Vegetation—Natives throw fire-darts—Home-sickness of the crew—Coast along Timor—Rotte—Aurora—Savu Island—Signs of Europeans—A boat sent ashore to trade—Anchor—Reception by natives—Their Radja—Mynheer Lange—House of Assembly—Native dinner—Obstacles to trading—Mynheer Lange's covetousness—Trading—Dutch policy concerning spices |
Page 324 |
Description of Savu
Lange's account—Political divisions of the island—Its general appearance—Productions—Buffaloes—Horses—Sheep—Fish—Vegetables—Fan-palm—Liquor—Sugar-making—Fire-holes for cooking—Sustaining qualities of sugar—Description of the natives—Dress—Ornaments—Chewing betel, areca, lime, and tobacco—Construction of their houses—Looms and spinning-machines—Surgery—Religion—Christian converts—Radjas—Slaves—Large stones of honour—Feasts—Military—Weapons—Relations with the Dutch—Mynheer Lange—Language—Neighbouring islands—Wreck of a French ship—Dutch policy with regard to language |
Page 340 |
Savu Island to Batavia
Leave Savu—Arrive off Java—European and American news—Formalities required by Dutch authorities—Mille Islands—Batavia road—Land at Batavia—Prices and food at the hotel—Tupia's impressions of Batavia—Introduction to the Governor—Malarious climate—Bougainville's visit to Batavia—Orders given to heave down the ship—Illness of Tupia, Dr. Banks, Dr. Solander, etc.—Death of Mr. Monkhouse, Tayeto, and Tupia—Remove to a country-house—Malay women as nurses—Critical state of Dr. Solander—Ship repaired—Captain Cook taken ill—Heavy rains—Frogs and mosquitos—Return to the ship |
Page 362 |
Description of Batavia
Situation—Number of houses—Streets—Canals—Houses—Public buildings—Fortifications—Castle—Forts within the city—Soldiers—Harbour—Islands and uses to which they are put—Dutch fleet—Country round Batavia—Thunderstorms—Marshes—Unhealthiness of the climate—Fruitfulness of the soil—Cattle, sheep, etc.—Wild animals—Fish—Birds—Rice—Mountain rice—Vegetables—Fruits: detailed description, supply and consumption—Palm-wine—Odoriferous flowers—Spices—Population and nationalities—Trade—Cheating—Portuguese—Slaves—Punishment of slaves—Javans—Habits and customs—Native attention to the hair and teeth—Running amoc—Native superstitions—Crocodiles as twin brothers to men—Chinese: their habits, mode of living, and burial—Government—Officials—Justice—Taxation—Money |
Page 377 |
Batavia to Cape of Good Hope
Leave Batavia—Cracatoa—Mosquitos on board ship—Prince's Island—Visit the town—Account of Prince's Island—Produce—Religion—Nuts of Cycas circinalis—Town—Houses—Bargaining—Language—Affinity of Malay, Madagascar, and South Sea Islands languages—Leave Prince's Island—Sickness on board—Deaths of Mr. Sporing, Mr. Parkinson, Mr. Green, and many others—Coast of Natal—Dangerous position of the ship—Cape of Good Hope—Dr. Solander's illness—French ships—Bougainville's voyage |
Page 417 |
Cape of Good Hope to England
Account of the Cape of Good Hope—Its settlement by the Dutch—Cape Town—Dutch customs—Government—Climate—General healthiness—Animals—Wines—Cost of living—Botanical garden—Menagerie—Settlements in the interior—Barrenness of the country—Hottentots: their appearance, language, dancing, customs, etc.—Money—Leave Table Bay—Robben Island—St. Helena—Volcanic rocks—Cultivation—Provisions—Introduced plants—Natural productions—Ebony—Speculations as to how plants and animals originally reached so remote an island—Leave St. Helena—Ascension Island—Ascension to England—Land at Deal |
Page 432 |
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Page 453 | |
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Page 459 |
PORTRAITS
Sir Joseph Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
Frontispiece | |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
To face page xxxviii |
The World, showing the track of the Endeavour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
At end of book | |
Society Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
At end of book„ | |
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
At end of book„ | |
Melanesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
At end of book„ | |
East Indian Archipelago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
At end of book„ |
- ↑ Dr. Hawkesworth devotes his "Introduction to the First Voyage" almost exclusively to the services which Banks rendered, and gratefully acknowledges that all such details as are not directly connected with navigation are extracted from the diary of that naturalist. But for the purpose of identifying the work of each observer this is insufficient, and barely does justice to the second of the two authors, who is in reality responsible for the greater portion of the book. In reference to Hawkesworth being employed as editor of Cook's Journal, the following passage is extracted from Prior's Life of Malone:—"Hawkesworth, the writer, was introduced by Garrick to Lord Sandwich, who, thinking to put a few hundred pounds into his pocket, appointed him to revise and publish Cook's Voyages. He scarcely did anything to the MSS., yet sold it to Cadell and Strahan, the printer and bookseller, for £6000. . . ."
- ↑ Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage round the World in H. M. Bark "Endeavour," 1768-71, with Notes and Introduction by Captain W. J. L. Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer of the Admiralty.
- ↑ It was when on a visit to my grandfather in 1833 that I first saw the original Journal in Banks's handwriting. It was then being copied, and I was employed to verify the copies of the earlier part by comparison with the original. I well remember being as a boy fascinated with the Journal, and I never ceased to hope that it might one day be published.
- ↑ That is some time after leaving Rio, and before arriving at Otahite.
- ↑ I have since ascertained that the Journal came into the possession of J. Henniker Heaton, Esq., M.P., who informs me that he disposed of it to a gentleman in Sydney, N.S.W.