PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS.


PLATE I.

ANATOMICAL.


1. Outline of a Lepidopterous insect showing the terms employed in describing the various margins and angles of the fore- and hind-wings.
2. View of the under side of the head and first segment of the larva of a Lepidopterous insect. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ; 1, labrum; 22, mandibles; 33, maxillæ; 4, labium; 5, spinneret; a, coxa; b, trochanter; c, femur; d, tibia; e, tarsus; f, claw (highly magnified).
3. Assumed type of neuration of fore-wing of a Lepidopterous insect. (After Meyrick.)
4. Ditto of hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)
5. Side view of the head of Vanessa gonerilla with proboscis extended. (Imago, Plate XII., fig. 5.)
6. Ditto with proboscis coiled up. (In both these figures only the basal portions of the antennæ are shown.)
7. Neuration of fore-wing of Anosia erippus. (Imago, Plate XI., fig. 1.)
8. Ditto of hind-wing.
9. Digestive system of a Lepidopterous larva. A, œsophagus; D, ventriculus; F, clavate intestine; E, ilium; H, colon; K, biliary vessels; O, spinning vessels. (After Suckow.)
10. Ditto of perfect insect. N, salivary vessels; C, sucking stomach; G, cæcum. The rest as before. (After Herold.)
11. Front view of the head of Vanessa gonerilla with the labial palpi removed showing the organs of the mouth. AA, eyes; BB, antennæ (basal portion); l, labrum; mm, mandibles; pp, maxillary palpi; C, proboscis formed of elongated maxillæ (highly magnified).
12. Neuration of fore-wing of Sphingidæ. (Deilephila; after Meyrick.)
13. Ditto hind-wing. (After Meyrick.)
14. Proleg of caterpillar highly magnified.
15. Neuration of fore-wing of Chrysophanus salustius. (Imago, Plate XII., figs. 18-21.)
16. Ditto of hind-wing.
17. Fasciculate-ciliated antenna of Chloroclystis plinthina. (Imago, Plate VI., fig. 8.)
18. Serrate antenna of Melanchra composita. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 8.)
19. Pubescent antenna of Epirranthis alectoraria. (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 42-47.)
20. Bi-pectinated antenna of Nyctemera annulata. (Imago, Plate IV., figs. 1, 2.)
21. Leg of Agrotis ypsilon. (Imago, Plate V., figs. 35, 36.) 1, coxa; 2, trochanter; 3, femur; 4, tibia; 5, tarsus; 6, claw; SS, spurs. (All these are highly magnified.)
22. Neuration of fore-wing of Hepialus virescens. (Imago, Plate XIII., figs. 16, 17.)
23. Ditto of hind-wing.
24. Head of ditto.
25. Neuration of fore-wing of Erebia pluto. (Imago, Plate XI., figs. 8-10.) Vein 11 absent.
26. Ditto, veins 11 and 12 concurrent.
27. Ditto of hind-wing.
28. Neuration of fore-wing of Porina signata. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 15.)
29. Ditto of hind-wing.
30. Neuration of fore-wing of Œceticus omnivorus. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 6.)
31. Ditto of hind-wing.



PLATE II.

ANATOMICAL.


1. Neuration of fore-wing of Metacrias erichrysa. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 5.)
2. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
3. Head of Nyctemera annulata. (Imago, Plate IV., figs. 1, 2.)
4. Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.
5. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
6. Neuration of fore-wing of Mamestra mutans. (Imago, Plate IV., figs. 34-36.)
7. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
8. Head of male of Physetica cærulea. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 7.)
9. Neuration of fore-wing of Erana graminosa. (Imago, Plate V., figs. 24-25.)
10. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
11. Head of Leucania nullifera. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 9.)
12. Head of Dasypodia selenophora. (Imago, Plate VI., fig. 4.)
13. Head of Venusia verriculata. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 30-31.)
14. Neuration of fore-wing of Plusia chalcites. (Imago, Plate VI., fig. 3.)
15. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
16. Neuration of fore-wing of Rhapsa scotosialis. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 5-6.)
17. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
18. Head of ditto.
19. Neuration of fore-wing of Chloroclystis bilineolata. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 9-10.)
20. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
21. Neuration of fore-wing of Tatosoma agrionata. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 26-27.)
22. Neuration of hind-wing of male.
23. Neuration of hind-wing of female.
24. Head of ditto.
25. Neuration of fore-wing of Venusia undosata. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 33-34.)
26. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
27. Neuration of fore-wing of Paradetis porphyrias. (Imago, Plate VI., fig. 36.)
28. Neuration of hind-wing of male.
30. Neuration of fore-wing of Asthena pulchraria. (Imago, Plate VI., figs. 37-38.)
31. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
32. Head of Hydriomena deltoidata. (Imago, Plato VII., figs. 1-9.)
33. Neuration of fore-wing of ditto.
34. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
35. Neuration of fore-wing of Asaphodes megaspilata. (Imago, Plate VII., figs. 17-20.)
36. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
37. Neuration of fore-wing of Xanthorhoe clarata. (Imago, Plate VII., figs. 31-32.)
38. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
39. Neuration of fore-wing of Lythria chrysopeda. (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 33-34.)
40. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
42. Neuration of fore-wing of Dasyuris partheniata (hind-wings as in Xanthorhoe). (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 30-31.)
43. Neuration of fore-wing of Notoreas brephos (hind-wings also as in Xanthorhoe). (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 20-23.)
44. Neuration of fore-wing of Dichromodes petrina. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig. 39.)
45. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
46. Neuration of fore-wing of Epirranthis alectoraria. (Imago, Plate VIII., figs. 42-47.)
47. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
48. Head of ditto.
49. Neuration of fore-wing of Leptomeris rubraria. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig. 37.)
50. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
51. Neuration of fore-wing of Chalastra pelurgata. (Imago, Plate IX., figs. 33-36.)
52. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
53. Neuration of fore-wing of Sestra humeraria (hind-wing as in Selidosema). (Imago, Plate X., figs. 1-2).
54. Neuration of fore-wing of Azelina gallaria. (Imago, Plate X., figs. 13-23.)
55. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
56. Neuration of fore-wing of Declana floccosa. (Imago, Plate X., figs. 39-47.)
57. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
58. Head of ditto.
59. Neuration of fore-wing of Selidosema dejectaria. (Imago, Plate IX., figs. 19-24.)
60. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
61. Neuration of fore-wing of Drepanodes muriferata. (Imago, Plate X., figs. 7-12.)
62. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.
63. Neuration of fore-wing of Gonophylla nelsonaria. (Imago, Plate X., figs. 3-6.)
64. Neuration of hind-wing of ditto.



PLATE III.

PREPARATORY STAGES.


FIG. PAGE
1, 2. Larvæ of Vanessa gonerilla. (Pupæ, figs. 31, 32; Imago, Plate XII., fig. 5.) 105
3. Larva of Anosia erippus. (Pupa, fig. 27; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 1.) 102
4. Larva of Argyrophenga antipodum. (Pupa, fig. 29; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 4.) 110
5. Larva of Dodonidia helmsi. (Pupa, fig. 28; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 14.) 112
6. Larva of Porina signata. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 15.) 134
7. Larva of Melanchra composita. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 8.) 22
8. Larva of Erana graminosa. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 24.) 28
9. Larva of Nyctemera annulata. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 1.) 2
10. Larva of Melanchra homoscia. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 7.) 21
11. Larva of Orthosia comma. (Imago, Plate V., fig. 27.) 7
12. Larva of Selidosema dejectaria. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 21.) 86
13, 14. Larvæ of Sphinx convolvuli. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 1.) 99
15. Larva of Melanchra mutans. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 34.) 18
16. Larva of Melanchra vitiosa. (Imago, Plate IV., fig. 42.) 20
17. Larva of Selidosema aristarcha. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 17.) 85
18. Larva of Declana atronivea. (Imago, Plate X., fig. 33.) 95
19. Larva of Epirranthis hemipteraria. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig. 48.) 80
20. Larva of Sestra humeraria. (Imago, Plate X., fig. 1.) 89
21. Larva of Chalastra pelurgata. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 34.) 88
22. Larva of Selidosema productata. (Imago, Plate IX., fig. 6.) 84
23. Larva of Hepialis virescens. (Pupa, fig. 30; Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 16.) 129
24. Larva of Epirranthis alectoraria. (Imago, Plate VIII., fig. 42.) 80
25. Larva of Œceticus omnivorus withdrawn from case. (Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 6.) 123
26. Larva of ditto in its case.
27. Pupa of Anosia erippus. (Larva, fig. 3; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 1.) 102
28. Pupa of Dodonidia helmsi. (Larva, fig. 5; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 14.) 112
29. Pupa of Argyrophenga antipodum. (Larva, fig. 4; Imago, Plate XI., fig. 4.) 110
30. Pupa of Hepialus virescens. (Larva, fig. 23; Imago, Plate XIII., fig. 16.) 129
31, 32. Pupæ of Vanessa gonerilla. (Larva, figs. 1, 2; Imago, Plate XII., fig. 5) 105



PLATE IV.

CARADRININA.


Fig. PAGE
1. Nyctemera annulata ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 9.) 2
2. Nyct"mera ann"lata
3. Utetheisa pulchella 3
4. Metacrias strategica 4
5. Meta"rias erichrysa 4
6. Meta"rias huttonii 5
7. Physetica cærulea 8
8. Leucania griseipennis 9
9. Leuc"nia nullifera 9
10. Leuc"nia micrastra 12
11. Leuc"nia purdii 10
12. Leuc"nia atristriga 10
13. Leuc"nia propria 11
14. Leuc"nia acontistis 11
15. Leuc"nia phaula 11
16. Leuc"nia alopa 12
17. Leuc"nia unica 12
18. Leuc"nia arotis 12
19. Leuc"nia sulcana 13
20. Leuc"nia sul"ana
21. Leuc"nia semivittata 13
22. Leuc"nia semi"ittata
23. Leuc"nia blenheimensis 13
24. Leuc"nia unipuncta 13
25. Ichneutica ceraunias 14
26. Ichne"tica cera"nias
27. Ichne"tica dione, n. sp. ♂ 14
28. Melanchra paracausta 15
28A. Mela"chra para"austa
29. Mela"chra insignis 16
30. Mela"chra insi"nis
31. Mela"chra maya, n. sp. ♀ 17
32. Mela"chra plena 17
33. Mela"chra lithias 17
34. Mela"chra mutans ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 15.) 18
35. Mela"chra mut"ns
36. Mela"chra mut"ns ♂ variety
37. Mela"chra pictula 19
38. Mela"chra rhodopleura 19
39. Mela"chra cœleno, n. sp. ♂ 26
40. Mela"chra proteastis 20
42. Mela"chra vitiosa ♀ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 16.) 20



PLATE V.

CARADRININA.


FIG. PAGE
1. Melanchra octans, n. sp. 25
2. Mela"chra merope, n. sp. ♂ 19
3. Mela"chra pelistis 19
4. Mela"chra peli"tis
5. Mela"chra diatmeta 21
6. Mela"chra tartarea 21
7. Mela"chra homoscia ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 10.) 21
8. Mela"chra composita ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 7.) 22
9. Mela"chra comp"sita
10. Mela"chra steropastis 23
11. Mela"chra stero"astis
12. Mela"chra infensa 23
13. Mela"chra omoplaca 23
14. Mela"chra alcyone, n. sp. ♂ 24
15. Mela"chra asterope, n. sp. ♀ 24
16. Mela"chra dotata 24
17. Mela"chra stipata 25
18. Mela"chra rubescens 25
19. Mela"chra lignana 26
20. Mela"chra ustistriga 26
20A. Mela"chra usti"triga
21. Mela"chra prionistis 27
22. Mela"chra phricias 27
23. Mela"chra cucullina 27
24. Erana graminosa ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 8.) 28
25. Er"na grami"osa
26. Miselia pessota 6
27. Orthosia comma ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 11.) 7
28. Orth"sia co"ma
29. Orth"sia immunis 7
30. Melanchra agorastis 18
31. Orthosia margarita 6
32. Xanthia purpurea 8
33. Bityla defigurata 29
34. Bit"la sericea 29
35. Agrotis ypsilon 30
36. Agr"tis yp"ilon
37. Agr"tis admirationis 31
38. Agr"tis sericea 31
39. Agr"tis innominata, n. sp. ♂ 31
40. Heliothis armigera 32
41. Heli"this armi"era
42. Melanchra omicron, n. sp. ♂ 22
43. Mela"chra disjungens 15



PLATE VI.

CARADRININA AND NOTODONTINA.


Caradrinina.
FIG. PAGE
1. Agrotis carapachoides 32
2. Cosmodes elegans 33
3. Plusia chalcites 35
4. Dasypodia selenophora 35
5. Rhapsa scotosialis 36
6. Rha"sa scoto"ialis
7. Rhapsa octias 37
Notodontina.
8. Chloroclystis plinthina 41
9, 10. Chloro"lystis bilineolata varieties 41
11. Chloro"lystis nereis 43
12. Chloro"lystis dryas 43
13, 14. Chloro"lystis sphragitis varieties 43
15, 16. Chloro"lystis lichenodes varieties 44
17. Chloro"lystis indicataria 44
17A. Chloro"lystis indic"taria
18. Chloro"lystis maculata, n. sp. 44
19. Phrissogonus denotatus 45
20. Chloroclystis antarctica, n. sp. 42
21. Chloro"lystis aristias 42
22. Chloro"lystis ari"tias
23, 24. Elvia glaucata varieties 46
25. Tatosoma lestevata 39
26. Tato"oma agrionata 40
27. Tato"oma agri"nata
28. Tato"oma timora 40
29. Tato"oma tim"ra
30. Venusia verriculata 53
31. Ven"sia verri"ulata
32. Ven"sia xanthaspis 54
33. Ven"sia undosata 54
34. Ven"sia undo"ata
35. Euchœca rubropunctaria 51
36. Paradetis porphyrias 41
37. Asthena pulchraria 52
38. Ast"ena pulch"aria
39-42. Asthena schistaria varieties 52
43. Hydriomena gobiata 47
44. Hydri"mena gobi"ta
45, 46. Hydri"mena subochraria varieties 48
47. Hydri"mena prionota 47
48. Hydri"mena siria 51



PLATE VII.

NOTODONTINA.


FIG. PAGE
1-9. Hydriomena deltoidata varieties 47
10. Hydri"mena hemizona 48
11. Hydri"mena rixata 49
12. Hydri"mena purpurifera 49
13. Hydri"mena callichlora 50
14. Hydri"mena similata 50
15. Hydri"mena arida 50
16. Asaphodes siris 55
17-19. Asap"odes megaspilata ♂ varieties 55
19A, 20. Asap"odes megas"ilata ♀ varieties
21. Asap"odes abrogata 55
22. Xanthorhoe rosearia 57
23. Xanth"rhoe rose"ria
24. Xanth"rhoe orophylla 58
25. Xanth"rhoe orop"ylla
26. Xanth"rhoe semifissata 59
27. Xanth"rhoe semifi"sata
28. Xanth"rhoe chlamydota 59
29. Xanth"rhoe stinaria 60
30. Xanth"rhoe præfectata 60
31. Xanth"rhoe clarata 61
32. Xanth"rhoe cla"ata
33. Xanth"rhoe cataphracta 61
34. Xanth"rhoe catap"racta
35. Xanth"rhoe beata 63
36. Xanth"rhoe be"ta
37. Xanth"rhoe ægrota 64
38. Xanth"rhoe lucidata 64
39. Xanth"rhoe mnesichola 60
40. Xanth"rhoe helias 64
41. Xanth"rhoe prasinias 65
42. Xanth"rhoe chionogramma 65
43. Xanth"rhoe chiono"ramma
44. Xanth"rhoe chorica 66
45. Xanth"rhoe obarata 66
46. Xanth"rhoe limonodes 57
47. Xanth"rhoe lophogramma 59
48. Xanth"rhoe lopho"ramma
49. Xanth"rhoe adonis 63



PLATE VIII.

NOTODONTINA.


FIG. PAGE
1. Xanthorhoe bulbulata 68
2, 2A. Xanth"rhoe cineraria varieties 67
3. Notoreas insignis 71
4-8. Noto"eas perornata varieties 72
9-11. Noto"eas mechanitis varieties 72
12-14. Noto"eas paradelpha varieties 72
15. Noto"eas strategica 73
16. Noto"eas callicrena 73
17. Noto"eas ferox 74
18, 19. Noto"eas zopyra ♂ varieties 74
20-23. Noto"eas brephos varieties 75
24. Noto"eas vulcanica 75
25. Noto"eas omichlias 76
26. Noto"eas simplex, n. sp. ♀ 74
27. Noto"eas isoleuca 72
28. Dasyuris enysii 69
29. Dasy"ris anceps 69
30. Dasy"ris partheniata 70
31. Dasy"ris parth"niata
32. Dasy"ris hectori 70
33. Lythria chrysopeda 68
34. Lyt"ria chrys"peda
35. Lyt"ria euclidiata 68
36. Samana falcatella 76
37. Leptomeris rubraria 77
38. Lept"meris rubr"ria
39. Dichromodes petrina 78
40. Dichr"modes nigra 78
41. Theoxena scissaria 79
42-47. Epirranthis alectoraria varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 24.) 80
48. Epirr"nthis hemipteraria ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 19.) 80
49. Epirr"nthis hemipt"raria
50. Selidosema fenerata 82
51. Seli"osema fen"rata



PLATE IX.

NOTODONTINA.


FIG. PAGE
1. Selidosema rudiata 82
2. Selid"sema ru"iata
3. Selid"sema suavis 83
4. Selid"sema su"vis
5. Selid"sema humillima, n. sp. ♂ 83
6-10. Selid"sema productata ♂ varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 22.) 84
11-14. Selid"sema prod"ctata ♀ varieties
15. Selid"sema melinata 85
16. Selid"sema meli"ata
17. Selid"sema aristarcha ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 17.) 85
18. Selid"sema arist"rcha
19-22. Selid"sema dejectaria ♂ varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 12.) 86
23, 24. Selid"sema deje"taria ♀ varieties
25-28. Selid"sema panagrata ♂ varieties 87
29, 30. Selid"sema pana"rata ♀ varieties
31. Hybernia indocilis 88
32. Hybe"nia indo"ilis
33, 34. Chalastra pelurgata ♂ varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 21.) 88
35, 36. Chal"stra pelu"gata ♀ varieties
37. Sestra flexata 90



PLATE X.

NOTODONTINA.


Fig. PAGE
1, 2. Sestra humeraria varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 20.) 89
3, 4. Gonophylla nelsonaria ♂ varieties 90
5, 6. Gonop"ylla nels"naria ♀ varieties
7-10. Drepanodes muriferata ♂ varieties 91
11, 12. Drepa"odes murif"rata ♀ varieties
13-20. Azelina gallaria ♂ varieties 92
21-23. Az"lina gall"ria ♀ varieties
24. Az"lina fortinata 93
25. Az"lina forti"ata
26. Az"lina ophiopa 93
27. Az"lina ophi"pa ♂ variety
28. Az"lina ophi"pa
29, 31, 31A. Ipana leptomera ♂ varieties 94
30. Az"lina lept"mera
32. Declana griseata, n. sp. 98
33. De"lana atronivea ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 18.) 95
34. De"lana atro"ivea
35. De"lana egregia 96
36. De"lana hermione, n. sp. ♂ 98
37. De"lana junctilinea 98
38. De"lana junct"linea
39-43. De"lana floccosa ♂ varieties 96
44-47. De"lana floc"osa ♀ varieties



PLATE XI.

PAPILIONINA.


Fig. PAGE
1. Anosia erippus ♀ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 3; Pupa, fig. 27.) 102
2. Ano"ia erip"us under side.
3, 4. Argyrophenga antipodum ♂ varieties. (Larva, Plate III., fig. 4; Pupa, fig. 29.) 110
5. Argyro"henga antip"dum
6, 7. Argyro"henga antip"dum under sides.
8. Erebia pluto 114
9. Ere"ia pl"to
10. Ere"ia pl"to under side.
11. Erebia butleri 115
12. Ere"ia butl"ri
13. Ere"ia butl"ri under side.
14. Dodonidia helmsi ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 5; Pupa, fig. 28.) 112
15. Dodon"dia hel"si under side.
16. Junonia velleda 109
17. Juno"ia vell"da under side.



PLATE XII.

PAPILIONINA.


FIG. PAGE
1. Vanessa cardui 108
2. Vane"sa car"ui under side.
3. Vane"sa itea 107
4. Vane"sa it"a under side.
5. Vane"sa gonerilla. (Larva, Plate III., figs. 1 and 2; Pupa, figs. 31, 32.) 105
6. Vane"sa goner"lla under side.
7. Anosia bolina 104
8. Ano"ia boli"a
9. Ano"ia boli"a under side.
10. Lycæna phœbe 119
11. Lyc"na ph"be under side.
12. Lyc"na oxleyi, under side. 119
13, 14. Chrysophanus boldenarum ♂ varieties 118
15. Chryso"hanus bolde"arum under side of ♂
16. Chryso"hanus bolde"arum
17. Chryso"hanus bolde"arum under side of ♀
18. Chryso"hanus salustius 116
19. Chryso"hanus salu"tius
20. Chryso"hanus salu"tius under side
21. Chryso"hanus salu"tius under side of variety (upper side, Plate XIII., fig. 2.)
22. Chryso"hanus enysii 117
23. Chryso"hanus eny"ii
24. Chryso"hanus eny"ii under side.



PLATE XIII.

NOTODONTINA, PAPILIONINA, PSYCHINA, AND MICROPTERYGINA.


Notodontina.
Fig. PAGE
1. Sphinx convolvuli. (Larva, Plate III, figs. 13 and 14.) 99
Papilionina.
2-5. Varieties of Chrysophanus salustius 116
Psychina.
6. Œceticus omnivorus ♂ (Larva, Plate III., figs. 25, 26.) 123
7. Orophora unicolor 126
Micropterygina.
8. Porina dinodes 132
9. Pori"a enysii 133
10. Pori"a eny"ii
11. Pori"a characterifera 133
12. Pori"a cervinata 133
13. Pori"a despecta 134
14. Pori"a umbraculata 134
15. Pori"a signata ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 6.) 134
16. Hepialus virescens ♂ (Larva, Plate III., fig. 23; Pupa, fig. 30.) 129
17. Hepi"lus vire"cens
18. Porina cervinata ♀ variety 133