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Volume 111, Issue 59A
Page 2
Royal Gazette

21 December 2537

"literary work" means a work of composition of every kind as may have been produced, such as book,[1] pamphlet, written material, printed material, lecture, sermon, address, speech, and shall also include a computer program;

"computer program" means an instruction, program,[2] or any other thing to be applied to a computer in order that the computer would perform a task or any particular outcome would be obtained, irrespective of whatever form of programming language[3] it is in;

"dramatic work" means a work relating to acts of ram, ten,[4] gesturing, or acting[5] which form a story, and shall also include pantomime;[6]

"artistic work" means a work with one or more of the following characteristics:

(1)work of painting, that is, a work of creating a figure which consists of a kind of line, light, colour, or other thing, or several kinds thereof in combination, on one or more kinds of material;

(2)work of sculpture, that is, a work of creating a figure in relation to a sensible and tangible volume;

(3)work of printmaking, that is, a work of creating a picture through a printing process, and including a printing template or printing form used in printing also;

(4)work of architecture, that is, a work of designing a building or construction, a work of designing or decorating the interior or exterior, including the vicinity, of a building or construction, or the creation of a replica of a building or construction;

(5)work of photography, that is, a work of creating a picture, which is generated by using a picture recording instrument that allows the light to pass through a lens to a film or glass and is developed with a specific formula of chemical liquid, or by any process which originates a picture, or [a work of] recording a picture through a different instrument or method;

(6)work of illustration, map, structure, sketch, or work of creating a three-dimensional figure which relates to geography, topography, or science;

(7)work of applied art, that is, a work in which a kind of the works under (1) to (6), or several kinds thereof in combination, are utilised in any other manner than the appreciation in the value of the said works, such as for a practical use, for decoration of an object or item of utensil, or for a commercial use;


  1. According to Samnak-ngan Ratchabandittayasapha (2013), the term nangsue (หนังสือ), here translated as book, can mean (1) writing (letter, script; letter, memorandum; document, paper; written creation, composition; written form) and (2) book.
  2. Samnak-ngan Ratchabandittayasapha (2016): Chutkhamsang (ชุดคำสั่ง; "set of instructions") is a term coined for program.
  3. Literally, "computer program language".
  4. Samnak-ngan Ratchabandittayasapha (2013) defines ram (รำ) as "performance involving bodily motions...to the accompaniment of music" and ten (เต้น) as "[an act of] moving a leg [or legs] up and down rhythmically to music". Generally, both ram and ten are translated as dance. The difference between ram and ten is that the former is often used to refer to a traditional or classical dance, whilst the latter, a modern one. Some people translate either ram or ten as choreography, but this is probably a result of misunderstanding and would be misleading, because ram and ten refer to categories of performance, not the ways of doing a performance (which do not enjoy copyright protection according to section 6 of this Act). Anyway, these terms are not found to have been discussed by the Parliament or parliamentary committee during the consideration of this Act, and there is no judicial decision on these terms yet.
  5. Kansadaeng (การแสดง) is an abstract noun of the verb sadaeng (แสดง), which Samnak-ngan Ratchabandittayasapha (2013) defines as (1) to inform, to enlighten; (2) to explain, to clarify; (3) to express, to display, to exhibit, to show; (4) to play, to perform, to act.
  6. Literally, "performance by means of silence".