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ALGIERS 317 output being about 470,000 tons, worth £200,000 sterling. In Authorities.—Statistique generale de VAlgerie. Alger, 1899. the extraction of the ore about 1500 workpeople are employed. —Annuaire statistique de la France. Paris,—Dubois et KergoThe zinc and lead mines yield about 43,000 tons, worth £55,000 mard. Geographic dconomique. Paris, 1898. — LaferriLre. sterling. Antimony is found in the department of Constantine. Exposi de la situation generate de VAlgerie. Mustapha, 1899.— The phosphate beds recently discovered provide material for a Wahl. L’Algirie (last edition). Paris, 1899.—Vignon. La rapidly increasing industry. They yielded 240,000 tons of Frame dans VAfrique du Nord. Paris, 1897.—Gaffarel. phosphate in 1899. There are more than 300 quarries of stone, L'Algdrie. Paris, 1888. — D’Haussonville. La colonisation marble, &c. Salt is collected on the margins of the chotts or lakes officielle en Algdrie. Paris, 1883. (p-L-) on the high plateaus. hidusti’y. Industries are not very active. The more important Algiers, capital city and seaport of Algeria, the are pottery, employing 1520 workmen ; shipbuilding, 256 ; tanning and leather-dressing, 2462 ; weaving and plaiting esparto goods, seat of the government-general, of a court of appeal, 9272; chemical works. In 1898 there were altogether 19,398 in- and of an archbishop, and station of the 19 th Corps dustrial establishments, employing 59,077 persons. d’Armee. Taking into account only the ancient Algiers Commerce.—The principal, imports are living animals, cereals, coffee, timber, coal, and tissues; while the chief exports are within the circuit of the city walls to the exclusion of the wine, alfa, tobacco, iron-ore, hides, cork, phosphates. The suburban faubourgs, the population, 48,908 in 1872, had general trade (imports and exports) in 1870 amounted to the value increased to 82,585 in 1891, and reached 96,784 in 1900. of 12 millions sterling ; in 1880 to 18-4 millions, in 1889 to 16'4 The French population, 18,216 in 1872 and 38,041 millions, in 1898 to 23‘5 millions. The special trade in 1898 amounted to 11-6 millions sterling for imports and 10'6 millions for in 1891, numbered 42,004 in 1900; but this increase was exports. The imports from France were of the value of 9 millions mainly due to the facilities offered for the acquisition of sterling, and the exports to France almost reached the same amount. writs of naturalization. The Jews numbered 7857; the France sends to Algeria tissues, ready-made clothing, furniture, Arabs, 23,202; foreigners, 23,721. Including the submetal goods, leather and leather goods ; and receives from Algeria urban faubourgs from the Pointe Pescade to Maison Carree, wine, cereals, sheep, wool, and horses. The imports from Great Britain reached the value of £248,000, and the exports to Great namely, St Eugene, Hussein Dey, Busarea, El-Biar, ElBritain £544,000. Other countries trading with Algeria were in Kouba, to mention only the most important groups of 1898 (in order of importance) Morocco, Russia, Tunis, Spain, the population, the inhabitants of Algiers in 1900 numbered United States, Italy, Brazil, and Belgium. Shipping.—In 1898, 1834 vessels of 1,101,668 tons entered 135,000 against about 66,000 within the same area in Algerian ports from abroad, and 1798 of 1,117,408 tons cleared for 1872. Such a marked growth of population is to be ports outside of Algeria. In the coasting trade, 8627 vessels, aggre- ascribed to the extension of commerce, of shipping, of gating 1,621,623 tons, entered, and the same cleared. Pirect the public services, and of agriculture. Besting on high shipping relations between Algeria and France are reserved exclu- hills all covered with gardens, Algiers enjoys a delightful sively for the national flag. The most frequented Algerian port situation, and has become one of the most frequented is Algiers (1,700,000 tons), then Oran (1,000,000), Philippeville (500,000), and Bona (500,000). On 1st January 1899 the mercantile winter resorts. The old Algiers of narrow and steep marine consisted of 657 sailing vessels of 7420 tons, and 64 steamers streets, crowned by the Citadel, the Kasbah, is distinof 10,958 tons. guished from the new Algiers, on level ground, which Railways.—In 1888 Algeria had 1740 miles of railway ; in 1900, 2087 miles, of which 1357 were of normal gauge, besides 1134 miles has for its principal road the superb Boulevard de la under construction, of which 160 miles were of normal gauge. The Bepublique. The chief public buildings are the Governprincipal lines are those from Algiers to Constantine, 290 miles; ment House (Palais du Gouvernement), the cathedral, the from Algiers to Oran, 266 miles; and the lines crossing or pene- Grand Mosque, the library, and museum. The old walls trating the country from Mostaganem to Am Sefra in the depart- of Algiers will soon be completely demolished, and in their ment of Oran, and from Philippeville to Biskra in the department of Constantine. The line from Algiers to Constantine is continued place will be planted a line of forts which will occupy the across the Tunisian frontier as far as the city of Tunis. The edge of Mount Busarea at an elevation of over 1300 railway receipts in various years and the receipts per mile were feet above the sea. The port of Algiers is to be entirely as follows:— transformed, the Chamber of Commerce and the Government having taken the necessary measures to push forward the works rapidly. The main object is to do away with the sorry port of Agha. At present, however, a public warehouse has been established in connexion with the loading and unloading of the goods. The jetty to the south of the port has been enlarged, pending the extension The receipts per mile have fallen off since 1880 owing to the con- of the north jetty. Owing to the improvement already struction of new lines. accomplished, Algiers has become one of the most conRoads.—The length of the national roads in 1884 was 1784 siderable colonial maritime entrepots. The tonnage, which miles ; in 1888, 1794 ; in 1898, 1791. Post-offices.—In 1897 there were 553 post-offices. The post and in 1883 did not exceed 314,633, entered and cleared, telegraph receipts in 1883 amounted to £150,600; in 1892 to amounted in 1894 to 924,616, and in 1898 to 1,702,310. £164,100 ; in 1897 to £183,000. The post-office orders issued in In short, Algiers engrosses more than 40 per cent, of the 1888 numbered 618,861 and were of the value of £1,364,818 ; in total traffic of Algeria. The merchant ships at the port 1897, 925,498, of the value of £1,602,770. The payments into the post-office savings bank in 1888 amounted to £154,750 ; in numbered, in 1898, 250 of 10,348 tons, or 72 per cent, of the total tonnage of the merchant marine of Algeria. The 1897 to £387,940. Ranks.—The movement of coin and notes at the Bank of Algeria, seat of a college, with schools of law, medicine, science, whose head office is at Algiers, amounted in 1897-98 to over 56 and letters, Algiers in 1898 counted 1069 students of millions sterling; that at the office of the Algerian Company to higher instruction—509 in letters, 64 in science, 230 in 52 millions ; and at the five branches of the Credit Lyonnais to 29J millions. In 1897 the Credit Fonder et Agricole of Algeria medicine, and 266 in law. Algiers maintains communication with Marseilles by a quick service of steamers, which made advances to the amount of over 4 millions sterling. History.—Since the great insurrection of 1871 there have been run the 497 miles across the Mediterranean in twentytwo revolts in Algeria, that of El Amri in 1876, and that of Bou eight to thirty hours. The journey between Algiers and Amama in 1881, in southern Oran, which was repressed not without difficulty. Another important event was the annexation Paris, from which it is distant 1031 miles, is accomplished of Myab (1882), where the inhabitants, tributary since 1853, had in about forty-five hours. refused to fulfil their engagements. Since 1896 Algeria has suffered Authorities.—Tardieu. Alger tel qu'il est. 1887.—Drouet. from the anti-Jewish agitation, which on several occasions, especially Alger le Sahel. 1887.—Wahl. L’Algdrie. 1897.—Pensa. at Algiers, Oran, and Constantine, has led to riot and bloodshed. Algdrie:et Voyage de la delegation de la Commission d’deludes, &c. In consequence of the difficulties raised by this propaganda, there 1894.—Piesse. Algirie Joanne).—Playfair. Handbook has lately been a constant change in governors (see also Anti- (Murray’s) of Algeria and(Guide Tunis. 1895. (p. L ) Semitism).