ARBOR — ANNUITIES spite of most complete studies of the anatomy and embryothe capital of the state and of Anne Arundel county. It is ]0(ry of numerous species, no general agreement can be connected by rail with Washington and Baltimore. Ihe said to have been reached by zoologists; its affinities seem U.S. Naval Academy buildings were being rebuilt m 1 JUi, to point on the one hand to a chsetopodan origin, on the the improvements consisting of cadets’ quarters, armoury, other to relationship with Tracheata (see Arthropoda, boat-house, and a new sea-wall, the whole estimated Peripatus). to cost $8,000,000, the sum authorized by Congress In Anniston, a city of Calhoun county, Alabama, 1900 there were 280 cadets at the Academy. Population U S A., situated in 33° 39' N. lat. and 85° 50' W. long., (1880), 6642; (1890), 7604; (1900), 8402. an altitude of 693 feet. For a time it grew rapidly as Ann Arbor, a city of Michigan, U.S.A., the capital at a centre of iron manufacture, in which it is favoured by of Washtenaw county. It is situated in the south-eastern part of the lower peninsula, at an altitude of 771 feet. It having ore, coal, and limestone in close proximity. It has several blast furnaces and rolling mills, besides, numeris divided into six wards, and is entered by two railways, the Ann Arbor and the Michigan Central. It is a ous other establishments for the manufacture of iron and university town, with little in the way of manufactures steel. It has two railways, the Southern and the Louisor commerce. Population (1880), 8061 ; (1890), 9431 ; ville and Nashville. Population (1880), 942; (1890), 9998 ; (1900), 9695. (1900), 14,509. Annuities, Terminable (British Govern Annecy, chief town of the department of Haute Savoie, Prance, 401 miles S.E. of Paris, on railway from ment).—Terminable Annuities were introduced into, and Aix-les-Bains to Geneva, situated at the north end of Lake have been employed in, the system of British public Annecy, partly on small islands formed by three canals finance as a means of reducing the National Debt. This known as the Thioux. Its library, noteworthy as being result is attained by substituting for a perpetual annual the oldest in Savoie, contains 12,000 volumes, and there charge (or one lasting until the capital which it represents is a fine public garden with a statue of Berthollet, a can be paid off en bloc), an annual charge of a larger native of this place. Its manufactures, less important amount, but lasting for a shorter term. The latter is so than formerly, include paper and felt hats. Population calculated as to pay off, during its existence, the capital (1881), 9144; (1896), 9436 (comm.), 10,009; (1901), which it replaces, with interest at an assumed or agreed rate, and under specified conditions. The theoretical bases 13,611. of such calculations are explained in the article “Annuities” Annelida is a term now seldom used in modern in the ninth edition of this work. The practical effect of zoology. In 1875, when the article under that name the substitution of a terminable annuity for an obligation appeared in the ninth edition of this work, it represented of longer currency is to bind the present generation of a class of organisms of which even at that date our know- citizens to increase its own obligations in the present and ledge had so far advanced as to make it impracticable to near future in order to diminish those of its successors. give a satisfactorily sharp-cut definition of the term. It This end might be attained in other ways; for instance, then included the following orders :— by setting aside out of revenue a fixed annual sum for the purchase and cancellation of debt (Pitt’s method, in inteni. PoLYCHiETA (marine worms). tion), or by fixing the annual debt charge at a figure ii. Oligoch/eta (land and fresh-water worms). sufficient to provide a margin for reduction of the principal iii. Onychophora (Peripatus). iv. Discophora (leeches). of the debt beyond the amount required for interest (Sir Stafford Northcote’s method), or by providing an annual v. Gephyrea. These have now been redistributed, and the following surplus of revenue over expenditure (the “ old Sinking table represents a widely accepted view of their classifica- Fund”), available for the same purpose. All these tion, and also shows the headings under which reference methods have been tried in the course of British financial will be found in the Ency. Brit, (ninth edition or Supple- history, and the second and third of them are still employed ; but on the whole the method of terminable ment) :— annuities has been the one preferred by Chancellors of Articles. Classes and Orders, f. Cu.'KTOPODA— the Exchequer and by Parliament. a. Polychasta. Terminable annuities, as employed by the British Worm. i. Archiannelida. Government, fall under two heads :—(u) Those issued to,, c. Myzostomida. or held by private persons ; {b) those held by Governd. Oligoclueta. ii. Echiuroidea = Gephyrea ment departments, or by funds under Government control. Echiuroidea. ARMATA. / The important difference between these two classes is that Leech. iii. Hirudinea=Discophora. an annuity under (a), once created, cannot be modified iv. Sipunculoidea i Gephyrea SlPUNCITLOIDEA. except with the holder’s consent, i.e. is practically unalterV. PrIAPULOIDEA / INERMIA. / vi. Onychophora = Protracheata. Peripatus. able without a breach of public faith; whereas an annuity The first three of these six classes have been shown on under (b) can, if necessary, be altered by inter-departmental anatomical and embryological grounds to have consider- arrangement under the authority of Parliament. Thus able affinity to one another, and are generally admitted to annuities of class (a) fulfil most perfectly the object of the have been derived from a common ancestor of marine system as explained above; while those of class (6) have habit and chsetopodan type—chaetopodan in its segmenta- the advantage that in times of emergency their operation tion, in the possession of a true excretory coelom and of can be suspended without any inconvenience or breach of setae (chaetae) formed in ectodermal sacs, and in certain faith, with the result that the resources of Government definite characters of the nervous and circulatory systems. can on such occasions be materially increased, apart from The second two groups, which are now placed apart from any additional taxation. For this purpose it is only the Echiuroidea, with which they were formerly united necessary to retain as a charge on the income of the year as Gephyrea, may prove to be less closely allied to one a sum equal to the (smaller) perpetual charge which was another; the affinities of Sipunculoidea are perhaps originally replaced by the (larger) terminable charge, to be sought with Phoronis and the Hemichorda. As whereupon the difference between the two amounts is to the position of Peripatus in the animal kingdom, in temporarily released, while ultimately the increased charge. 452
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