ANTEQUERA — ANTHOZOA different from all the foregoing is the African group of Eippotraone Arabian species. The typical hartebeests are short- gince, all the members of which are of large size and have long haired animals, with high withers, long faces, and shai ply bent horns in both sexes. Among these are the sable and the roan ridded horns, but in the blesbok and its allies _ (Damahscus) the antelope (Hippotragus), with sabre-like horns, the straight-horned last three features are less marked. Heavy heads, smooth horns, gemsbok and beisa (Oryx), and the long-haired and spiral-horned long manes, and horse-like tails sufficiently characterize the gnus. addax of the Sahara. The last group of what may be termed true The second subfamily, or Cephalophince, includes small or medium- antelopes is the Tragelaphince, in which the size is mostly large, sized species, represented only by the duikers or divers (Oepha- and the spirally twisted horns are, excepting in the elands, lophus) of Africa, and the four-horned antelope Tetraceros) of restricted to the males. The sole non-African representative of India All have naked muzzles, elongated face-glands or teargroup is the Indian nilgai (Boselaphus), in which the horns nits false hoofs, and four mamime, but there are no hair-tults at the much shorter than in the rest. The African forms include the the knees. The short and upright horns are generally present m are bush-bucks or harnessed antelopes (Tragelaphus), in both sexes. A third group, Oreotragince, exclusively African, is beautiful the females are often more brightly coloured than the males, represented by a number of small forms, such as the tiny dik- which striped kudus (Strepsiceros), and the elands (Taurotragus), diks (Madoqua), oribis [Oribia), sunis (Nesotragus), stemboks the are the largest of all antelopes. The remaining group (Rhaphiceros), and the active klipspringer (Oreotragus).^ Of much which (Rupicaprinoe), indicates a transition towards the goats, is larger size are the African water-bucks and kobs (Cobus) and reed- represented by which the chamois (Rupicapra) of the mountains of bucks (Cervicapra), which constitute the subfamily Cervicaprvnce, Southern Europe, the gorals (Urotragus) and serows (Nemorhcedus) and include some of the handsomest of all antelopes, among of Eastern Asia, the takin (Budorcas) of the Mishmi Hills and being the black Cobus maria and C. leucotis of the swamps of the Tibet, and the so-called Rocky Mountain goat (Oreamnus) of North White Nile. The muzzle is naked and the females are hornless. America, is the sole transatlantic representative of the The Vaal rhebok (Pelea) likewise belongs to this group. In the antelopes, which if indeed it be entitled to be called an antelope at typical subfamily or Antilopince, in which the females are also all. (n. L.*) generally without horns, are included the Indian black buck (Antilope), the graceful African pala (AEpyceros), the puffy-nosed Anteoguera., a city of Spain, province of Malaga, saiga (Saiga) of Central Asia, the long-horned chiru (Pantholops) of Tibet, the South African spring-buck (Antidorcas), the numer- 28 miles N. of Malaga. Since 1890 a thriving industry ous and widely-spread group of gazelles (Gazella), and the dibatag has been created by beetroot and cane-sugar factories, em(Ammodorcas), the long-necked gerenuk (Lithocranius), and the tiny beira (Dorcotragus) of Somaliland and East Africa. AVidely ploying several thousand hands. Population, 24,387.
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ANTHOZOA. ALTHOUGH corals have been familiar objects since like in transverse section. At each end of the oval there the days of antiquity, and the variety known as the is a groove lined by specially long vibratile cilia. These precious red coral has been for a long time an article of com- grooves are known as the sulcus and sulculus, and will be merce in the Mediterranean, it was only in the 18th century more particularly described hereafter. The elongation of that their true nature and structure came to be understood. the mouth and stomodseum confer a bilateral symmetry By the ancients and the earlier naturalists of the Chris- on the body of the zooid, which is extended to other tian era they were regarded either as petrifactions or as organs of the body. In Actinia, as in all Anthozoan plants, and many supposed that they occupied a position zooids, the coelenmidway between minerals and plants. The discovery of teron is not a the animal nature of red coral is due to J. A. de Peyssonel, simple cavity, as in a native of Marseilles, who obtained living specimens a Hydroid, but is from the coral fishers on the coast of Barbary and kept divided by a numthem alive in aquaria. He was thus able to see that the ber of radial folds so-called “ flowers of coral ” were in fact nothing else than or curtains of soft minute polyps resembling sea-anemones. His discovery, tissue into a corremade in 1727, was rejected by the Academy of Sciences sponding number of France, but eventually found acceptance at the hands of radial chambers. of the Royal Society of London, and was published by These radial folds that body in 1751. The structure and classification of are known as mepolyps, however, were at that time very imperfectly under- senteries, and their stood, and it was fully a century before the true ana- position and relatomical characters and systematic position of corals were tions may be understood by replaced on a secure basis. 1.—Diagrammatic longitudinal- section of an The hard calcareous substance to which the name coral ference to Figs. 1 Pig. Anthozoan zooid. m, mesentery; t, tentacles; stomodseum ; sc, sulcus; r, Botteken’s muscle ; is applied is the supporting skeleton of certain members and 2. Each me- st, s, stoma; Im, longitudinal muscle; d, diagonal of the Anthozoa, one of the classes of the phylum Coelen- sentery is attached muscle ; go, gonads. tera. The most familiar Anthozoan is the common sea- by its upper maranemone, Actinia equina, L., and it will serve, although gin to the peristome, by its outer margin to the bodyit does not form a skeleton or corallum, as a good example wall, and by its lower margin to the basal disc. A certain of the structure of a typical Anthozoan polyp or zooid. number of mesenteries, known as complete mesenteries, are The individual animal or zooid of Actinia equina has the attached by the upper parts of their internal margins to form of a column fixed by one extremity, called the base, the stomodseum, but below this level their edges hang free to a rock or other object, and bearing at the opposite in the coelenteron. Other mesenteries, called incomplete, extremity a crown of tentacles. The tentacles surround an ire not attached to the stomodseum, and their internal area known as the peristome, in the middle of which there margins are free from the peristome to the basal disc. is an elongated mouth-opening surrounded by tumid lips. The lower part of the free edge of every mesentery, The mouth does not open directly into the general cavity whether complete or incomplete, is thrown into numerous of the body, as is the case in a hydrozoan polyp, but into puckers or folds, and is furnished with a glandular a short tube called the stomodcBum, which in its turn opens thickening known as a mesenterial filament. The reprobelow into the general body-cavity or coelenteron. In ductive organs or gonads are borne on the mesenteries, Actinia and its allies, and most generally, though not the germinal cells being derived from the inner layer invariably, in Anthozoa, the stomodeeum is not circular, or endoderm. In common with all Coelenterate animals, the walls of but is compressed from side to side so as to be oval or slit-
