764
ATHENS — ATHLETIC SPORTS 55,994,191 francs ; no later figures have been published. The views of the town and acropolis and drawings of the sculptures of customs revenue in 1899 was 18,036,425 drachmas. The number the Parthenon).—J. H. Middleton and E. A. Gardner. Plans of ships entered and cleared in 1898 was 3866 with a tonnage of and drawings of Athenian buildings. London, 1900.—W. Judeich. 3,449,895 tons, of which 217 with a tonnage of 284,365 tons were Topographic von Athen. Munich. (In preparation, forming vol. iii. part ii. second half, in 3rd edition of I. von Muller’s Handbuch der British. The Piraeus, which had never revived since its destruction by the Mass. Alterthumswissenschaft. The corresponding volume in the edition of 1889, by H. G. Lolling, is still of great value). For the Romans in B.c. 86, was at the beginning of the last century a small Acropolis, see A. Botticher. Die Akropolis von Athen. Berlin, fishing village known as Porto Leone. When Athens The became the capital in 1834 the ancient name of its port 1888.—O. Jahn. Pausanice descriptio arcis Athenarum. Bonn, Piraeus. was revived, and since that time piers and quays have 1900.—A. Furtwangler. Masterpieces of Greek sculpture (appenbeen constructed, and spacious squares and broad regular streets dix). London, 1895.—A. Milchhofer. Ueber die alten Bwrghave been laid out. The town now possesses an exchange, a large heiligthiimer in Athen. Kiel, 1899.—For the Parthenon, A. theatre, a gymnasium, municipal buildings, and several hospitals Miciiaelis. Der Parthenon. Text and Plates. Leipzig, 1871.— and charitable institutions erected by private munificence. The L. Magne. Le Parthenon. Paris, 1895.—J. Durm. ^Der Zustand harbour, in which ships of all nations may be seen, as well as great der antiken athenischen Bauwerke. Berlin, 1895.—F. C. Penrose numbers of the picturesque sailing craft engaged in the coasting in Journal of Boyal Institute of British Architects for 1897.—N. M. trade, is somewhat difficult of access to larger vessels, but will be Balanos in ’’Efynepis rrjs Kv/3epvrioeus. Athens, August 25, improved by the construction of new breakwaters and dry docks. 1898.—For the Dionysiac Theatre, A. E. Haigh. The Attic The port and the capital are now connected by railway with Corinth Theatre. Oxford, 1889.—W. Dorpfeld and E. Reisch. Das and the principal towns of the Morea: a line opening up com- Griechische Theater. Athens, 1896.—Forthe “Theseion,” B. Sauer. munication with Northern Greece and Thessaly is in process of Das sogenannte Theseion. Leipzig, 1899.—For the Piraeus, E. I. construction ; its eventual connexion with the Continental railway Angelopoulos. Hepl Aeipcu&s Kal tuv Xiperuv avrov. Athens, system will greatly enhance the importance of the Piraeus, already 1898.—For the Attic Denies, A. Milchhofer. Untersuchvngen iiber die Demenordnung des Kleisthenes. (In Transactions of Berlin one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the Levant. ■" The populaiiou of Athens has rapidly increased. In 1834 it was Academy). Berlin, 1892.—Pauly-Wissowa. Beal-Encyclopddie below 5000 ; m 1870 it was 44,510 ; in 1879, 63,374 ; in 1889, der Mass. Alterthumswissenschaft, vol. ii. 2, article “Attika.” 107,251 ; in 1896, 111,486. The Piraeus, which in Stuttgart, 1896.—For the controversies respecting the Agora, the Popular 1834 possessed only a few hundred inhabitants, in 1879 Enneacrunus and the topography of the town in general, see W. tion. numbered 21,618 ; in 1889, 34,327 ; in 1896, 43,848. Dorpfeld, passim in Athenische Mittcilungen.—C. Wachsmuth. The total population of Athens, Piraeus, Phaleron, and the suburbs “Neue Beitrage zur Topographic von Athen,”
Abhandlungen
der sdchsischcn Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Leipzig, 1897.— is now probably little short of 200,000. Bibliography.—C. Wachsmuth. Die Stadt Atlien im Alter- A. Milchhofer. “ Zur Topographie von Athen,” in BerlinPhilol. thum, vol. i. Leipzig, 1874 ; vol. ii. part i. Leipzig, 1890.—E. Wochenschrift, 1900, Nos. 9, 11, 12.—For the Byzantine period, Burxottr. La mile et Vacropole d'Athenes aux diverses epoques. August Mommsen. Athence Christiance. Leipzig, 1868.—Periodical Paris, 1877.—F. C. Penrose. Principles of Athenian architecture. Literature. Mittheilungendeskais. deutsch. arch. Institute. Athens, London, 1888.—F. Gregorovius. Geschichte der Stadt Athen im from 1876. Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, Athens, from Mittelalter. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1889.—J. E. Harrison. Mytho- 1877. Papers of the American School. New York, 1882-1897. Annual logy and monuments of ancient Athens. London, 1890.—E. Curtihs of the British School. London, from 1894. Journal of Hellenic and A. Milchhofer. Stadtgeschichte von Athen. Berlin, 1891.— Studies. London, from 1880. American Journal of Archaeology. H. Hitzig and H. Blumner. Pausanias (text and commentary), New York, from 1885. Jahrbuch des kais. deutsch. arch. Instituts. vol. i. Berlin, 1896.—J. G. Frazer. Pausanias (translation and Berlin, from 1886. The best maps are those in Die Karten von commentary). 6 vols. London, 1898. (The commentary on Attika, published with explanatory text by the German ArcheoPausanias’ description of Athens, contained in vol. ii. with supple- logical Institute, Berlin, 1881. See also Baedeker’s Greece, London, mentary notes in vol. v., is an invaluable digest of recent researches). 1894 ; Murray’s Greece and the Ionian Islands, London, 1900. —H. Omont. Athenes au XVII. Siecle. Paris, 1898. (Plans and Guide Joanne, vol. i. Athenes et ses environs, Paris, 1896. (j. D. B.) Athens, a city in the northern part of Georgia, U.S.A., and capital of Clarke county ; altitude, 680 feet. It is entered by several railways, and has extensive and growing manufactures, largely of cotton. It is the site of the University of Georgia and of the Lucy Cobb Institute. Population (1880), 6099; (1890), 8639: (1900), 10,245. Atherton, or Chowbent, a township in the Leigh parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 13 miles W.N.W. of Manchester by rail. A new church has been built and another rebuilt. There is a volunteer hall. Population of urban district in 1881, 12,602; in 1891, ,15,833. In 1894 part of the township and urban district was transferred to the urban district of Leigh. Population (1891), on area thus altered, 13,720; (1901), 16,211. Athletic Sports.—Since 1875 the number of athletic meetings held throughout the United Kingdom has continued to increase, and the number of amateur athletes has become very much greater. The most noticeable feature of the increase during this period is that the movement has spread from the “ classes ” to the “ masses.” Except at the universities, public schools, and military colleges, where running and jumping competitions are still carried on with the greatest zest, and retain their social prestige, and in London, where the London Athletic Club still continues to attract members of good standing, throughout the rest of the country the great majority of athletes who compete at meetings are not drawn from the upper or middle classes as was the case twenty or thirty years ago. The form of competitions has hardly varied at
all, the competitions at what are called athletic sports, in the limited sense of the word “athletic,” being running at short, middle, and long distances, hurdle races, jumping (high and long), weight-putting, and hammer-throwing. The two last named have been falling into desuetude in most parts of England, though still carried on in Scotland and Ireland. A new feature is the increase of what are called steeplechases—i.e., long-distance races over hurdles, water jumps, and other obstacles. A two-mile steeplechase was introduced into the programme of the amateur championship meeting in 1879. Since 1880 the entire management of the amateur championship meeting has been in the hands of a representative body called the Amateur Athletic Association. It is divided into three branches — a northern, midland, and southern—and its general committee manages an annual championship meeting, issues laws, and governs the sport in the same manner as the Jockey Club governs horse-racing. No meeting can be held without the licence of this body, which also licenses the handicappers who allot the starts in open events. The definition of an amateur adopted by this body is wide, and only excludes those who have competed for money or against a professional pedestrian. There are similar bodies which work under identical rules in Scotland and Ireland. The standard of excellence continues to improve. A carefully-tabulated set of British records is kept by the Amateur Athletic Association, and a copy is appended below. This list is confined to performances done in the United Kingdom. Another feature of the progress of athletic sports is the growth of the movement in the United States
