COX E—-C R A I O V A man, and devoted himself to literary work, connected chiefly with history and comparative mythology. His published books include (1861) Tales from Greek Mythology, (1867) A Manual of Mythology, (1870) Latin and Teutonic Christendom, and The Mythology of Aryan Nations, (1874) History of Greece, 2 vols., (1876) The Athenian Empire, (1876) General History of Greece, (1881) History of British Rule in India, and Introduction to Comparative Mythology, (1886) Lives of Greek Statesmen, (1887) Concise History of England. Of these works, some of them avowedly written for popular purposes and successful in that object, the most important was the larger History of Greece, begun in 1874, which, though showing the inspiration of Grote, was at the same time a conscientious rehandling of the materials as they then existed. Similarly his studies in mythology were inspired by Max Muller, but his treatment of the subjects was his own. Sir George Cox (who succeeded to the baronetcy in 1877) was a Broad Churchman, and became known as a prominent supporter of Bishop Colenso in 1863-65 ; and five years after Colenso’s death he published (1888) his Life of the Bishop. In 1881 Sir G. Cox was made vicar of Scrayingham, York, but resigned the living in 1897. In 1896 he was given a Civil List Pension. He died at Walmer on 9th February 1902. Coxe, Henry Octavius (1811-1881), Bodley’s librarian at Oxford, was born at Bucklebury, in Berkshire, 20th September 1811, and was educated at Westminster School and Worcester College, Oxford. Immediately on taking his degree in 1833 he began work in the Manuscript Department of the British Museum, became in 1838 sublibrarian of the Bodleian, and in 1860 succeeded Dr Bandinel as head librarian, an office he held until his death in 1881. Having proved himself an able palaeographer, he was sent out by the British Government in 1857 to inspect the libraries in the monasteries of the Levant, and his investigations determined the character of the existing remains in the districts he visited. One valuable result of his travels was the detection of the forgery attempted by M. Simonides. He was the author of various catalogues, and under his direction that of the Bodleian, in more than 720 volumes, was completed. He published Rogeri de Wendover Chronica, 5 vols. (1841-44); the Black Prince, an historical poem written in French by Chandos Herald (1842); and Report on the Greek Manuscripts yet remaining in the Libraries of the Levant (1858). He was not only an accurate librarian but an active and hard-working clergyman, and was for the last twenty-five years of his life in charge of the parish of Wytham, near Oxford. He was likewise honorary fellow of Worcester and Corpus Christ! Colleges. He died on 8th July 1881. Cracow (Polish, Krakdw; German, Krakau), the second city of the Austrian crownland of Galicia. Population in 1890, 74,593; in 1900, 91,310, chiefly Polish and Roman Catholic (estimated to have 7 per cent. German and 15 per cent. Czech; 28 per cent. Jewish, 1 per cent. Greek Catholic, and 1 per cent. Protestant). It is one of the strongest Austrian fortresses (of which there are two in Galicia, the second being Przemysl), with a garrison of 6000 men. In 1889 the Catholic bishop was raised to the rank of prince. Cracow now contains, in addition to its 39 churches and numerous chapels, 7 synagogues and 25 religious communities. Many of the old buildings have been restored, such as the Church of St Mary, decorated by the celebrated Polish artist Matejko, and the Tuchhaus, which now contains a collection of pictures by Polish painters; while important new structures have been erected. The latter comprise the new university (1881-87), an imposing Gothic edifice which accommodates the Polish
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Academy of Science (founded in 1872), a library, and archaeological and other collections; together with a new theatre (1891-93) in the late Renaissance style. The university, in which the Polish language has been in exclusive use since 1870, has a staff of 157 professors and lecturers, and is attended by 1300 students. The other educational institutions include a theological seminary, 2 training colleges, 3 gymnasia, a realschule, 3 technical and special schools, and an academy of fine art, which was under the control of the painter Matejko up to the time of his death. Industry, which has undergone little change, now comprises the manufacture of machinery, wax candles, matches, and oil, together with brewing and corn-milling, in addition to its staples, cloth and leather. Its commerce is of greater importance, and includes corn, timber, salt and wine, pigs and textiles, eggs and butter, together with a considerable transit and commission trade with Hungary, Silesia, and other parts of Galicia. The Jewish population has an exceptionally large share in the high proportion of illegitimacy, 44 per cent. While the illegitimate births among the Catholics were less than one-third, they formed over two-thirds of the whole among the Jews. On the other hand, the Jewish death-rate (20'87 per thousand) is comparatively low as compared with that of the entire Christian population (24'82). (m. o’n.) Cradock, a town of Cape Colony, in the upper valley of the Great Fish River, nearly due north of Port Elizabeth, and about midway between that place and Colesberg, with both of which it is connected by rail. It is one of the chief centres of the wool trade, and in 1891 had a population of 4390. In the neighbouring district still survive a few herds of quaggas, which are now protected by the game laws. Craik, Dinah Maria (1826-1887), English novelist, better known by her maiden name of Mulock, and still better as “ the author of John Halifax, Gentleman,” was the daughter of Thomas Mulock, an eccentric religious enthusiast of Irish extraction, and was born on 20th April 1826 at Stoke-upon-Trent, in Staffordshire, where her father was the minister of a small congregation. She settled in London about 1846, determined to obtain a livelihood by her pen, and, beginning with fiction for children, advanced steadily until John Halifax, Gentleman (1857), placed her in the front rank of the female novelists of her day. A Life for a Life (1859), though inferior, maintained a high position, but she afterwards wrote little of importance except some very charming tales for children. Her most remarkable novels, after those mentioned above, were The Ogilvies (1849), Olive (1850), The Head of the Family (1851), Agatha's Husband (1853). There is much passion and power in these early works, and all that Mrs Craik wrote was characterized by high-mindedness, principle, and deep, warm feeling. Some of the short stories in Avillion, and other Tales also exhibit a fine imagination. She also published poems distinguished by genuine lyrical spirit, narratives of tours in Ireland and Cornwall, and A Woman’s Thoughts about Women. She married Mr G. L. Craik, publisher, in 1864, and died at Shortlands, near Bromley, 12th October 1887. Craiova or K raj ova, a town in Rumania, the ancient capital of Little Wallachia, now seat of the prefect of the district of Dolj. It is of considerable commercial importance, the province of which it is the capital being very rich in grain, pasturage, and vegetable products, besides containing extensive forests. Near Craiova is a large military tannery (penitentiary), besides rope and carriage factories. There are 27 Orthodox churches, 1 Roman Catholic, 1 Protestant church, and 5 synagogues. Craiova is also the seat of a Court of Appeal, a Court of
