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were to be concentrated in the fortresses and eventually arrondissement of Autun, 34 miles in direct line north-west withdrawn. The Cabinet of Athens, however, declined of Macon. The importance of its coal and iron mines, and to recall the expeditionary force, which remained in the vast engineering works of every description, has very much interior till 9th May, when, after the Greek reverses in increased. The total number of persons employed in the Thessaly and Epirus, an order was given for its return. coal mines exceeds 10,000, and about 9000 are engaged in Meantime Cretan autonomy had been proclaimed (20th the metallurgical departments. A network of railways March). After the departure of the Greek troops the Cretan with a total length of about 37 miles connects all branches leaders, who had hitherto demanded annexation to Greece, of the works, which now occupy about 1000 acres. The readily acquiesced in the decision of the Powers, and the output of the coal-field (Creusot and Blanzy) amounted in insurgent Assembly, under its president Dr Sphakianakis, 1899 to 1,647,594 tons. Special attention is paid to the a man of good sense and moderation, co-operated with the welfare of the workers, and excellent schools have been international commanders in the maintenance of order. established. Population (1881), 15,740; (1896), 19,713, The pacification of the island, however, was delayed by (comm.) 31,589; (1901), 30,175. the presence of the Turkish troops and the inability of the a town of Spain in the province Powers to agree in the choice of a new Governor-General. of CrevilEente, Alicante. Population in 1897, 9846. It is built on The prospect of a final settlement was improved by the rising ground, its flat-roofed houses standing picturesquely withdrawal of Germany and Austria, which had favoured amidst rock, nopals, cactus, dwarf palms, and orange trees. Turkish pretensions, from the European concert (April In its neighbourhood are two sources not far from each 1898); the remaining Powers divided the island into four other, the waters of which differ 25° Fahr. in temperature, departments which they severally undertook to adminster. and are used for irrigation. The rugged territory around An attack made by the Moslems of Candia on the British produces wine, olives, wheat, spart grass, and famed garrison of that town, with the connivance of the Turkish melons. The local industries are manufactures of warse authorities, brought home to the Powers the necessity of stuffs, spart carpets, oils, and flour. There are a mediaeval removing the Ottoman troops, and the last Turkish castle, two fine churches, and a town hall. soldiers quitted the island on 14th November 1898. On the 26th of that month the nomination of Prince George Crewe, a municipal borough (incorporated 1877, enof Greece as high commissioner of the Powers in Crete larged 1892)in the Crewe parliamentary division of Cheshire, for a period of three years (renewed in 1901) was formally England, 158 miles north-north-west of London, on the announced, and on 21st December the prince landed at main line of the London and North-Western Railway. It is Suda and made his public entry into Canea amid a railway junction where lines converge from Manchester, enthusiastic demonstrations. After his arrival complete North Wales and Holyhead, Liverpool, North Stafford, and tranquillity has prevailed in the island. On 27th April Hereford. It is inhabited principally by persons in the 1899 the new autonomous constitution was voted by a employment of the London and North-Western Railway constituent assembly, and in the following June the local Company. Crewe is not only one of the busiest railway administration was handed over to Cretan officials by the stations in the world, but is the locomotive metropolis of the London and North-Western Railway Company, who international authorities. Among the more recent works on Crete are :—Ratji.in. Descrip- have centred here enormous workshops for the manufaction physique de Vile de Crete, 3 vols. and Atlas, Paris, 1869.— ture of the material and plant used in their railways. In Stillman. The Cretan Insurrection of 1866-68. New York, 1901 the 4000th locomotive was turned out of the works. 1874.—Edwardes. Letters from Crete. London, 1887.—Stavrakis. ^TarumKri too Trrjdva/J.ov rris Kp^rTjs. Athens, 1890.—J. H. Freese, Recently the station has been extended, both north and A Short Popular History of Crete. London, 1897.—Bickford- south, and a series of subterranean ways extending many Smith. Cretan Sketches. London, 1897.—Laroche. La Crete miles have been constructed to enable merchandise traffic ancienne et moderns. Paris, 1898.—Victor Berard. Les Affaires to pass through without interfering with passenger trains de Crete. Paris, 1898. See also Mrs Walker. Eastern Life and on the surface railways. The Railway Company have Scenery. London, 1886 ; and Old Tracks and New Landmarks. London, 1897.—H. F. Tozer. The Islands of the AEgean. Oxford, erected one of the finest electric stations in the world, 1890. —J. D. Bourchier, “The the Sphakiotes,” andStronghold electricalofapparatus for the working of train signals Fortnightly Review, August 1890.—E. J. Dillon. “Crete and has been brought into operation. The station is fitted the Cretans,” Fortnightly Review, May 1897.—Blue-books, 1888- with an extensive suite of offices for the interchange of 1891, 1895-99. For the antiquities see Svoronos. Numismatigue dc la Crbte ancienne (with a portfolio of plates). Maijon, 1890.—A. J. postal traffic, the chief mails to and from Ireland and Evans. Cretan Dictographs and Phoenician Script. London, 1895. Scotland being stopped here and arranged for various (j. D. B.) distributing centres. Its enormous railway facilities and Cretinism. See Pathology (metabolic diseases). its geographical situation as the junction of the great trunk lines running north and south, tapping also the Creuse, a department in the central plateau of Staffordshire potteries on the one side and the great France, watered by the Creuse. mineral districts of Wales on the other, constitute it one Area, 2164 square miles, distributed among 25 cantons and 266 communes. The population decreased from 284,942 in 1886 to of the most important links of railway and postal com259,138 in 1901 ; births in 1899, 5176, of which 321 illegitimate ; munication in the kingdom. The town owes its growth deaths, 4624 ; marriages, 2040. There were in 1896, 594 schools, and importance to the London and North-Western Railwith 43,000 pupils, and five per cent, of the population was way Company, who built its principal schools, provided it illiterate. None of the towns has a large population. The re- with a mechanics’ institute, containing library, science and turns for 1896 gave the total area under cultivation at 1,093,210 acres, of which 674,310 acres were plough-land and 316,160 acres art classes, reading rooms, assembly rooms, &c., and also grass land. In 1899 the wheat crop returned a value of £258,000, with baths. Victoria Park, also the gift of the Company, or less than half that of rye, £562,000. Potatoes yielded a crop was opened in 1888. There are five Established churches, valued at £490,000, and the natural pastures and grass lands a Roman Catholic church, and many Nonconformist £814,000. Hemp, which is largely cultivated, gave a return of the total value (in harl and in seed) of £400,000. Chestnut is also an chapels. Two cattle-markets and a theatre have been important culture. The live stock of 1899 included 228,250 cattle, erected. The corporation have just completed a technical 645,690 sheep, 120,540 pigs, and 14,620 goats. 195,000 metric tons institute and school of art. The area of the borough is of coal were mined in 1898, but metallurgy is in a backward state. 2193 acres. Population (1881), 24,385; (1891), 28,671 ; Creusot, Le, or Creuzot, a town and railway (1891) (on the area as afterwards extended), 32,783 ; centre of France, department of Saone-et-Loire, in the (1901), 42,075.
