290
CRIMMITSCHAU — CRISPI
(45) (1) (25) (59)
Judges of the Court of Cassation, each £720 President (at Paris) of the Court of Appeal 1,000 Presidents of other Courts of Appeal, each 720 Presidents of Chambers of Courts of Appeal— (9) at Paris, each .... 550 400 (50) in Provinces, each (359) Presidents of Tribunals of 1st Instance— (1) at Paris ..... 800 (15) 1st Class, each .... 400 (76) 2nd Class „ . . . . 280 (267) 3rd Class „ . . . . 200 (633) Judges—(48) Paris, each..... 320 (77) 1st Class, each .... 240 (175) 2nd Class „ . . . . 160 (335) 3rd Class „ . . . . 120 Tribunals of the Juge de Paix. Judges number 2872— 20 receive, each ..... 320 43 „ „ ..... 200 754 „ „ salaries varying from 140 to 84 2055 „ „ 72 Ministere Publique {Public Prosecutor's Department). Chief Public Prosecutor .... 1,200 His Advocate-General in Cour de Cassation 720 (26) Public Prosecutors in Court of Appeal— (1) Paris 1,000 (25) In Provinces, each . . . 720 Authorities.—Stephen. History of Criminal Law. —Esmein. Histoire de la Procedure Criminelle en France; Codes Franqais et les Codes des autres pays d'Europe.—Livingston. On the Criminal Legislation of Louisiana.—Whitley Stokes. The Anglo-Indian Codes. (h. je. ; Jno. S.) Cr B m m itschau, a town of Germany, on thePleisse, 8 miles north-north-west of the town and in the circle of Zwickau, kingdom of Saxony ; on the Leipzig-Hof Railway. There are real, commercial, and technical schools, and over 100 spinning mills and woollen cloth factories, employing between 5000 and 6000 workmen. Population (1890), 23,068; (1900), 22,840. Cripple Creek, a mining city of El Paso county, Colorado, U.S.A., situated near the centre of the state, in 38° 45' N. lat. and 105° 11' W. long., in the mountains west of Pike’s Peak, at an altitude of 9500 feet. It has two railways, the Plorence and Cripple Creek, making connexion with Pueblo, and the Midland Terminal, a branch of the Colorado Midland, connecting with Colorado Springs. It is the richest gold mining camp in the United States. Gold was first discovered in 1891, and in 1897 the production exceeded $10,000,000. The sources of the gold are placers, veins, and the country rock. The ores consist of free gold, not only in placers but in veins and country rock, and tellurides and auriferous iron pyrites. They differ greatly in value, ranging from $20 up to several thousand dollars per ton. Population (1900), 10,147. Crispi, Francesco (1819-1901), Italian statesman, was born at Ribera in Sicily, October 4, 1819. In 1846 he established himself as advocate at Naples. On the outbreak of the Sicilian Revolution at Palermo (January 12, 1848) he hastened to the island and took an active part in guiding the insurrection. Upon the restoration of the Bourbon Government (May 15, 1849) he was excluded from the amnesty and compelled to flee to Piedmont. Here he unsuccessfully applied for a situation as communal secretary of Verolengo, and eked out a penurious existence by journalism. Implicated in the Mazzinian
conspiracy at Milan (February 6, 1853), he was expelled from Piedmont, and obliged to take refuge at Malta, whence he fled to Paris. Expelled from France, he joined Mazzini in London, and continued to conspire for the redemption of Italy. On June 15, 1859, he returned to Italy after publishing a letter repudiating the aggrandizement of Piedmont, and proclaiming himself a Republican and a partisan of national unity. Twice in that year he went the round of the Sicilian cities in disguise, and prepared the insurrectionary movement of 1860. Upon his return to Genoa he organized, with Bertani, Bixio, Medici, and Garibaldi, the expedition of the Thousand, and overcoming by a stratagem the hesitation of Garibaldi, secured the departure of the expedition on May 5, 1860. Disembarking at Marsala on the 11th, Crispi on the 13th, at Salemi, drew up the proclamation whereby Garibaldi assumed the Dictatorship of Sicily, with the programme : “ Italy and Victor Emmanuel.” After the fall of Palermo, Crispi was appointed Minister of the Interior and of Finance in the Sicilian provisional government, but was shortly afterwards obliged to resign on account of the struggle between Garibaldi and the emissaries of Cavourwith regard to the question of immediate annexation. Appointed secretary to Garibaldi, Crispi secured the resignation of Depretis, whom Garibaldi had appointed Pro-Dictator, and would have continued his fierce opposition to Cavour at Naples, where he had been placed by Garibaldi in the Foreign Office, had not the advent of the Italian regular troops and the annexation of the Two Sicilies to Italy brought about Garibaldi’s withdrawal to Caprera, and Crispi’s own resignation. Entering Parliament in 1861 as deputy of the Extreme Left for Castelvetrano, Crispi acquired the reputation of being the most aggressive and most impetuous member of the Republican party. In 1864, however, he made at the Chamber a Monarchical profession of faith, in the famous phrase afterwards repeated in his letter to Mazzini: “ The Monarchy unites us ; the Republic would divide us.” In 1866 he refused to enter the Ricasoli Cabinet; in 1867 he worked to impede the Garibaldian invasion of the Papal States, foreseeing the French occupation of Rome and the disaster of Mentana. By methods of the same character as those subsequently employed against himself by Cavallotti, he carried on the violent agitation known as the Lobbia affair, in which sundry Conservative deputies were, on insufficient grounds, accused of corruption. On the outbreak of the Franco-German War he worked energetically to impede the projected alliance with France, and to drive the Lanza Cabinet to Rome. The death of Ratazzi in 1873 induced Crispi’s friends to put forward his candidature to the leadership of the Left; but Crispi, anxious to reassure the Crown, secured the election of Depretis. After the advent of the Left he was elected (November 1876) President of the Chamber. During the autumn of 1877 he went to London, Paris, and Berlin on a confidential mission, establishing cordial personal relationships with Gladstone, Granville, and other English statesmen, and with Bismarck. In December 1877 he replaced Nicotera as Minister of the Interior in the Depretis Cabinet, his short term of office (70 days) being signalized by a series of important events. On January 9, 1878, the death of Victor Emmanuel and the accession of King Humbert enabled Crispi to secure the formal establishment of a unitary Monarchy, the new monarch taking the title of Humbert I., instead of Humbert IV. of Savoy. The remains of Victor Emmanuel were interred in the Pantheon, instead of being transported to the Savoy Mausoleum at Superga. On February 9, 1879, the death of Pius IX. necessitated the first Conclave held after the unification of Italy. Crispi, helped by Mancini
