CUDDALOR E —C U E N C A Constitutional Convention would appreciate that the United States had no ulterior motives in attempting to establish and protect the Cubans in an independent Government. Upon the return of the Commission the Convention decided to accept the Platt Amendment, and the incident was supposed to be closed. It was subsequently ascertained, however, that the acceptance was accompanied by a Cuban interpretation, whereupon (June 1901) the President issued his dictum that until the Cuban Convention accepted the Platt Amendment in its entirety, the troops of the United States would be retained upon the island. On June 18th, 1901, the Convention, seeing that further dallying was useless, accepted the amendment in its entirety, and a Cuban Republic was inaugurated on May 20, 1902, with Senor Palma as first president. It is impossible to set forth here what the Americans have done for the social and industrial improvement of the island. Brigandage and mendicity were Results of eliminated. The establishment of a thorough actionaa Pu^c school system was accomplished, superintendents and teachers being imported. As a result, 150,000 Cuban children were obtaining free education in 1900, while only 27,000 children had hitherto found instruction. In 1900, 1400 Cuban teachers were given free transportation to, and instruction at, Harvard University. Cuban prisons were in bad sanitary condition, and the time of detention was long. In Havana twentytwo Americans were found imprisoned over five months with no hearing. Over 1500 people were found in the jails in Cuba who had never been tried. The sanitary cleansing of the cities was undertaken on a gigantic scale. The sanitation of Havana—a plague-spot which had long menaced the United States—was thoroughly studied and the city changed into one of the cleanest in the world. Colonel Geo. E. Waring, America’s ablest sanitary engineer, personally studied the sanitary conditions of Cuba, and died of yellow fever contracted in this work. Hot only were matters of public hygiene carefully attended to, but the Surgeon-General of the army established in Havana a corps of medical investigators, who attacked the problem of the causes and dissemination of yellow fever with great energy. In the summer of 1901 they demonstrated by experimentation that the cause of the dissemination of the disease was the mosquito. The death-rate of Havana decreased nearly one-half as a result of the sanitary measures which were taken, and yellow fever, for the first time in the history of Havana, was not epidemic in 1901. It had already become apparent that the army surgeons, through their sanitation and researches, had obliterated the conditions which once made Havana the focus and distributing centre of this disease in the New World. Postal and telegraphic communication was greatly improved and placed upon a systematic basis. The peculations of a few postal authorities, who were duly arrested and punished, was the only blot upon the American administration. The rehabilitation of the fields and plantations has been encouraged. Seeds and animals were at first furnished, but by 1901 all agricultural industries were self-sustaining, and the sugar and tobacco industries had recovered the full development which they possessed before the insurrection in 1895. In 1901 Cuba might be described as better off socially and economically than at any period since 1840. From a political standpoint the acts of the United States have been even more munificent. The United States spent millions of money and many lives in a war with Spain for the sake of Cuba; sent aid to its starving population ; paid three million dollars to the insurgent soldiers; and assumed payment of all damages which American citizens sustained during the revolution. (r. t. h.)
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CuddaSore, a town of British India, in the South Arcot district of Madras ; on the seacoast, 125 miles south of Madras. In 1881 it had a population of 43,545 j in 1891, of 47,355; and in 1901, of 51,880, showing an increase of 10 per cent. The municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs. 51,710. The mouth of the river Gaddilam having silted up, the anchorage is an open roadstead. In 1897-98 the total seaborne trade amounted to Rs.61,46,419, of which nearly half was with foreign countries. The principal exports are sugar, oil-seeds, and indigo. There are two colleges, two high schools with 861 pupils, two printingpresses, and a club. Cuddapah, a town and district of British India, in the Madras Presidency. The town is 6 miles from the right bank of the river Pennar, and 161 miles by rail from Madras. Population, about 18,000. The municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs.47,830. It is now a poor place, but has some trade in cotton and indigo, and manufactures of cotton cloth. There are a high school, two printing-presses, and a literary association. The district of Cuddapah has an area of 8722 square miles. Population (1891), 1,272,072; (1901), 1,291,903. The land revenue and rates were Rs.22,51,654, the incidence of assessment being R. 1 '8 per acre; the number of police was 1002. In 1897-98, out of a total cultivated area of 1,586,665 acres, 282,702 were irrigated. The principal crops are millet, rice, other food-grains, pulse, oil-seeds, cotton, and indigo. The two last are largely exported. There are two steam factories for pressing cotton; and 570 indigo vats, employing 8417 persons, with an out-turn valued at Rs.6,37,000. In 1896-97 the number of schools was 846, attended by 18,652 pupils. The registered death-rate in 1897 was 25‘9 per thousand. The district is served by two lines of railway. Cuenca, a province of Central Spain, with a population of 236,253 in 1877, 242,024 in 1887, and 241,566 in 1897. In 1896, of 47,764 children of both sexes, ranging from 4 to 14 years of age, 28,146 were on the school registers, though only 19,779 attended. The province is divided into 8 administrative districts and 288 parishes, covering an area of 6726 square miles. It is the least thickly peopled province in Spain, and has only 68 miles of railway, but a new line is under construction. The roads are in such a backward condition that they cripple not only the mining interests but also the exports of timber, which is generally floated down the Tagus and other streams. There are but few manufacturing interests. In 1897 the province contained 3 salt mines in working order. An English company bought the principal copper mines near Garabella and Talayuelim in 1898. The province, chiefly owing to its hilly pasture grounds, had a goodly show of live-stock in 1897—291,205 sheep, 51,266 goats, 20,191 pigs, 3232 horses, 25,503 mules, 21,315 asses, 4149 cattle. 225,600 acres were devoted to the culture of wheat, 48,402 to that of barley, 39,157 to rye, 16,250 to oats, 62,207 to vines, 30,320 to olives. Cuenca, the capital, has much decayed in importance. The wool trade has been in part replaced by manufactures of soap, paper, chocolate, matches, and leather. There are many saw mills, worked by steam. The population has grown from 9745 in 1887 to 10,332 in 1897. Cuenca attracted notice by its gallant and prolonged resistance against the Carlists in 1874. Cuenca, a town of Ecuador, and capital of the province of Azuay, about 80 miles south-east of Guayaquil. It is the second town of the interior in importance, and the third in rank of the republic. Population, about 25,000. S. III.— 40
