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D A R R A N G — I) A R W I N cards, chemicals, tobacco, hats, wine, and beer. In 1888 division (1881), 61,092; (1891), 70,475; (1901), 78,793. Bessungen was incorporated with Darmstadt. Population The parish of Over-Darwen, which, together with various (1885), 50,609; (1895), 63,745; (1900), 72,019 (pro- hamlets, and portions of Eccleshill and Lower Darwen, makes up the municipal borough, has an area of 5134 visional census results). acres. Population (1881), 27,626; (1891), 31,680. Darrangr, a district of British India, in the Brahmaputra Valley division of Assam. It lies between the Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882), the Bhutan and Dafla Hills and the Brahmaputra, famous English naturalist, author of the Origin of Species, including many islands in the river. The administrative was born at Shrewsbury on 12th February 1809. He was headquarters are at Tezpur. Its area is 3418 square the younger of the two sons and the fourth child of Dr miles. The population in 1881 was 273,333 ; in 1891 it Robert Waring Darwin (1766-1848), a successful medical was 307,761, giving an average density of 90 persons practitioner at Shrewsbury. His mother, a daughter of per square mile. Classified according to religion, Hindus Josiah Wedgwood, died when Charles Darwin was eight numbered 196,037; Mahommedans, 18,454; hill tribes, years old. His grandfather was the great genius Dr 91,870; Christians, 849, of whom 183 were Europeans; Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802), who made suggestions upon “others,” 551. In 1901 the population was 337,724, the origin of species in many respects similar to those showing an increase of 10 per cent. The land revenue was which were later more completely elaborated by Lamarck. Bs.7,15,656, the incidence of assessment being Rs.2-10-2 Charles Darwin’s elder brother, Erasmus Alvey (1804per acre; the number of police was 195 ; the number of boys 1881), was interested in literature and art rather than at school in 1896-97 was 4114, being 17 per cent, of the science : on the subject of the wide difference between the male population of school-going age ; the registered death- brothers Charles wrote that he was “ inclined to agree with rate in 1897 was 45'68 per thousand. In 1897 the number Francis Galton in believing that education and environof tea gardens was 89, with 33,984 acres under tea, employ- ment produce only a small effect on the mind of anyone, ing 71,535 persons, of whom 23,424 were children, and and that most of our qualities are innate ” {Life and Letters, producing an out-turn of over 11 million lb, or at the rate London, 1887, p. 22). Darwin considered that his own of 407 B> per acre. There is a timber mill, producing success was chiefly due to “ the love of science, unbounded 25,000 tea-chests, valued at Rs.20,000. Almost the only patience in long reflecting over any subject, industry in means of communication is by river. A steam tramway observing and collecting facts, and a fair share of invenof 2 Jr feet gauge has been opened from Tezpur to Balipara, tion as well as of common sense” {l.c., p. 107). He also a distance of 20 miles. A similar tramway is proposed at says : “ I have steadily endeavoured to keep my mind free Mangaldai, with a length of 35 miles. so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved Dartford, a market-town in the Dartford parlia- (and I cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon mentary division of Kent, England, on the Darenth, 16 as facts are shown to be opposed to it” {l.c., p. 103). The miles east-south-east of London by rail. Recent erections essential causes of his success are to be found in this latter are a Martyrs’ Memorial Hall and a cottage hospital. On sentence, the creative genius ever inspired by existing Dartford Heath is the lunatic asylum of the London knowledge to build hypotheses by whose aid further knowCounty Council, and, at Long Reach, the infectious dis- ledge could be won, the calm unbiassed mind, the transeases hospital of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. Iron, parent honesty and love of truth which enabled him to chemical, and cement works have been introduced. Area abandon or to modify his own creations when they ceased of parish (an urban district), 4251 acres. Population to be supported by observation. The even balance between (1881), 10,163 ; (1891), 11,962 ; (1901), 18,615; of these powers was as important as their remarkable deparliamentary division (1891), 79,853. velopment. The great naturalist appeared in the ripeness Dartmouth, a municipal borough, seaport, and of time, when the world was ready for his splendid market-town in the Torquay parliamentary division of generalizations. Indeed naturalists were already everyDevonshire, England, on the west side of the estuary of the where considering and discussing the problem of evolution, Dart, 28 miles east of Plymouth. The town is connected although Alfred Russel Wallace was the only one who, with the Great Western Railway by a steam ferry to independently of Darwin, saw his way clearly to the soluKingswear on the opposite side of the Dart. There is an tion. It is true that hypotheses essentially the same as embankment 600 yards long, constructed by the Dartmouth natural selection were suggested much earlier by W. C. Harbour Commissioners. A cottage hospital has been Wells {Phil. Trans., 1813) and Patrick Matthew {Naval erected. Yacht and boat building are carried on ; there is Timber and Arboriculture, 1831), but their views were lost a large paint factory. The port is used as a coaling station sight of and produced no effect upon the great body of for yachts and ocean steamers. Area, 1924 acres. Popu- naturalists. In the preparation for Darwin Sir Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology played an important part, lation (1881), 5725; (1901), 6037. accustoming men’s minds to the vast changes brought Dartmouth, a town in Halifax County, Nova about by natural processes, and leading them, by its lucid Scotia, on the eastern side of Halifax harbour, connected and temperate discussion of Lamarck’s and other views, with Halifax by a steam ferry. It contains four churches, to reflect upon evolution. Darwin’s early education was large sugar refinery, foundries, machine shops, three saw conducted at Shrewsbury, first for a year at a day-school, mills, several factories, and a bank. Population, about then for seven years at Dr Butler’s. He gained but little 6500. from the narrow system which was then universal. In Darwen, a municipal borough in the Darwen par- 1825 he went to Edinburgh to prepare for the medical liamentary division of Lancashire, England, 4 miles south profession, for which he was unfitted by nature. After of Blackburn by rail. It is a centre of the cotton trade, two sessions his father realized this, and in 1828 sent him and has also blast furnaces, and paper-making, paper- to Cambridge with the idea that he should become a staining, and fire-clay works. New sewerage filtration clergyman. He matriculated at Christ’s College, and took works have been completed at a cost of £30,000. Recent his degree in 1831, tenth in the list of those who do not erections are new buildings for the free library and a seek honours. Up to this time he had been keenly technical school. Area, 5952 acres. Population (1881), interested in sport, and in entomology, especially the 29,744; (1891), 34,192; (1901), 38,311; of parliamentary collecting of beetles. Both at Edinburgh, where in 1826 382