.540
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bluffs, 200 feet or more, and spreads over the high prairie above. The city is divided into five wards, is well paved with brick, macadam, and gravel, and is connected with the other side of the Mississippi by two bridges. It is entered by four great railway systems, the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St Paul, and the Illinois Central. These, with steamboat lines on the river, give the city a large commerce. Its manufactures had, in 1900, an invested capital of $8,117,358, an average number of 5503 wageearners receiving $2,012,153 in wages, and a product valued at $10,952,204. The chief articles of manufacture were lumber, men’s clothing, carriages and waggons, and malt liquors. The assessed valuation of real and personal property was, in 1900, $23,907,583, the net debt $1,617,020, and the rate of taxation $37 per $1000. The lead and zinc mines of the adjacent region, which first induced the settlement of Dubuque, are at present producing but little. Population (1880), 22,254; (1890), 30,311; (1900), 36,297, of whom 6955 were foreign-born and 115 negroes. The death-rate in 1900 was about 12. Ducamp, Maxime(1822-1894), French writer, the son of a successful surgeon, was born in Paris, 8th February 1822. He had a strong taste for travel, which his father’s means enabled him to indulge as soon as his college days were over. Between 1844 and 1845, and again between 1849 and 1851, he travelled in Europe and the East, and made excellent use of his experiences in books published after his return. In 1851 he was one of the founders of the Revue de Paris, to which he contributed for some six or seven years. In 1853 he was made .an officer of the Legion of Honour. In 1870 he was nomin.ated for the Senate, but his election was frustrated by the downfall of the Empire. He was elected a member of the French Academy in 1880, mainly, it is said, on account of his history of the Commune, published under the title of Les Convulsions de Paris (1878-80). His writings include Paris (6 vols., 1869-75), and the entertaining Souvenirs Litteraires (1882). The latter book contains much information respecting Flaubert, of whom Ducamp was an early and intimate friend. He died on 9th February 1894. Ducamp was one of the earliest amateur photographers, and his books of travel were among the first to be illustrated by means of what was then a new art. (r. f. s.) Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni (1835 ), traveller and anthropologist, was born at Hew Orleans on 31st July 1835, and in his youth accompanied his father, an African trader, to the West Coast of Africa. From 1855 to 1859 he regularly explored the regions bordering upon the equator, and his travels resulted in the rediscovery of the great anthropoid ape called the gorilla, mentioned by Carthaginian navigators, and not entirely unknown to modern science, but practically forgotten. A subsequent •expedition, from 1863 to 1865, enabled him to confirm the accounts given by the ancients of a pigmy people inhabiting the African forests. Narratives of both expeditions were published in 1861 and 1867 respectively : the former excited a warm controversy. After writing several books for the young founded upon his African adventures, M. Du Chaillu turned his attention to Northern Europe, and published in 1881 The Land of the Midnight Sun, and in 1889 The Viking Age. Dudley, a municipal, county (1888) and parliamentary borough, and market-town of England, 8 miles west-north-west of Birmingham, 122 miles north-west of London, in a portion of the county of Worcester enclaved in Staffordshire. It has a joint station of the Great Western and the London and North-Western Bailways, and is on the Birmingham and Stourbridge Canals. The parish church
U E H R I N G of St Thomas has been restored. The grammar school has been reorganized, and a new building with chemical laboratory was opened in 1899. Of recent erection are a technical school, free library and school of art, public baths, and an hospital for infectious diseases. Area of municipal and county borough, 3604 acres. Population (1891), 45,724; (1901), 48,809. Area of parliamentary borough, 7794 acres, of which 3615 are in Worcestershire and 4179 in Staffordshire. Included in the parliamentary borough, and 2lr miles by rail to the south-west of Dudley, stands Brierley Hill, a market-town on the river Stour and the Stourbridge and Birmingham Canals. There is a townhall and a free library. The industries are similar to those of Dudley — coal and iron mining, iron manufacture, engineering, &c. Area of urban district, 1023 acres; population (1881), 11,603; (1901), 12,005. Dll dweller, a village of Prussia, in the Bhine province, 4 miles by rail north-east from Saarbrucken, with coal mines, ironworks, and production of fire-proof bricks. Population (1885), 11,550; (1900), 16,323. Duehring, Eugen Karl (1833 ), German philosopher and political economist, was born on 12th January 1833 in Berlin. After a legal education he practised at Berlin as a lawyer till 1859. A weakness of the eyes, ending in total blindness, occasioned his taking up the studies with which his name is now connected. In 1864 he became docent of the University of Berlin, but, in consequence of a quarrel with the professoriate, was deprived of his licence to teach in 1874. Among his works are Kapital und Arbeit (1865) ; Per Wert des Lebens (1865); Naturliche Dialektik (1865); Kritische Geschichte der Philosophic (1869); Kritische Geschichte der allgemeinen Principien der Mechanik (1872)—one of his most successful works; Kursus der National- und Sozialbkonomie (1873); Kursus der Philosophic (1875), entitled in a later edition Wirklichkeitsphilosophie; Logik und Wissenschaftstheorie (1878); Der Ersatz der Religion durch Vollkommeneres (1883). He published his autobiography in 1882 under the title Sache, Leben und Feinde; the mention of “Feinde” (enemies) is characteristic. Duehring’s philosophy claims to be emphatically the philosophy of reality. He is passionate in his denunciation of everything which, like mysticism, tries to veil reality. He is almost Lucretian in his anger against religion which would withdraw the secret of the universe from our direct gaze. His “ substitute for religion ” is a doctrine in many points akin to Comte and Feuerbach, the former of whom he resembles in his sentimentalism. Duehring’s opinions have changed considerably since his first appearance as a writer. His earlier work, Naturliche Dialektik, in form and matter not the worst of his writings, is entirely in the spirit of the Critical Philosophy. Later, in his movement towards Positivism, he strongly repudiates Kant’s separation of phenomenon from noumenon, and affirms that our intellect is capable of grasping the whole reality. This adequacy of thought to things is due to the fact that the universe contains but one reality, i.e., matter. It is to matter that we must look for the explanation both of conscious and of physical states. But matter is not, in his system, to be understood with the common meaning, but with a deeper sense as the substratum of all conscious and physical existence; and thus the laws of being are identified with the laws of thought. In this materialistic or quasi-materialistic system Duehring finds room for teleology; the end of Nature, he holds, is the production of a race of conscious beings. From his belief in teleology he is not deterred by the enigma of pain; he is a determined optimist. Pain exists to throw pleasure into conscious relief. In ethics Duehring follows Comte in
