MILITARY OPERATIONS.]
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22nd lie made a reconnaissance towards Suez, and on the 23rd another to El-Magfar, 4 miles from Nefiche. It now appeared that the enemy had dammed the sweetwater canal and blocked the railway at Tel-el-Mahuta, where entrenchments had been thrown up and resistance seemed to be contemplated. At 4 a.m. on the 24th Sir Garnet Wolseley advanced with 3 squadrons of cavalry, 2 guns, and about 1000 infantry, placed under the orders of Lieutenant-General Willis. The enemy showed in force, estimated at 7000 with 12 guns, and a somewhat desultory action ensued. Reinforcements from Ismailia were ordered up, and the British cavalry, operating on the right, helped to check the enemy’s attack, which showed little vigour. At night the troops, now reinforced by the Guards Brigade, an infantry battalion, 2 cavalry regiments, and 10 guns, bivouacked on the ground. Early on the morning of the 25th the advance was continued to Tel-el-Mahuta, which the enemy evacuated, while the mounted troops and horse artillery pressed on to Mahsameh, capturing the Egyptian camp, with 7 guns and large quantities of ammunition and supplies. On the same evening Major-General Graham, with about 1200 marines (artillery and light infantry), reached Mahsameh, and on the following day he occupied Kassassin without opposition. The advance guard had now outrun its communications and was actually short of food, while a considerable force was distributed at intervals along the line Ismailia-Kassassin. The situation on the 27th tempted attack by an enterprising enemy, and Major-General Graham’s force, consisting of a squadron of the 19th Hussars, the York and Lancaster Regiment, the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry, the Marine Artillery Battalion and two R.H.A. guns, short of ammunition, was in danger of being overwhelmed by vastly superior numbers from Tel-el-Kebir. On the 28th Major-General Graham’s troops were attacked, and after repulsing the enemy, made a general advance about 6.45 p.m. The cavalry, summoned by heliograph from Mahsaipeh, co-operated, and in a moonlight charge inflicted considerable loss. The British casualties amounted to 14 killed and 83 wounded. During the lull which followed the first action of Kassassin, strenuous efforts were made to bring up supplies and troops and to open up railway communication to the front. On 9th September the Egyptians again attacked Kassassin, but were completely repulsed by 9 a.m., with a loss of 4 guns, and were pursued to within extreme range of the guns of Tel-el-Kebir. The British casualties were 3 killed and 78 wounded. The three following days were occupied in concentrating troops at Kassassin for the attack on Tel el Kebir.
Tel-el-Kebir, held by about 38,000 men with ^ guns. The Egyptian defences consisted of a long line of trench (2|- miles) approximately at right angles to the railway and the sweetwater canal. At 11 p.m. on 12th September the advance of about 15,000 men commenced: the 1st Division, under Lieutenant-General Willis, was on the right, and' the 2nd Division, under Lieutenant-General Hamley, was on the left. Seven batteries of artillery, under Brigadier-General Goodenough, were placed in the centre. The cavalry, under Major - General Drury Lowe, was on the right flank, and the Indian contingent, under Major-General Macpherson, starting one hour later, was ordered to move south of the sweet-water canal. The night was moonless, and the distance to be covered about 6|- miles. The ground was perfectly open, slightly undulating, an,d generally firm gravel. The conditions for a night march were thus ideal; but during the movement the wings closed towards each other, causing great risk of an outbreak of firing. The line was, however, rectified, and after a halt the final advance began. By a fortunate
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accident the isolated outwork was just missed in the darkness by the left flank of the 2nd Division; otherwise a premature alarm would have been given, which must have changed all the conditions of the operation. At dawn the Highland Brigade of the 2nd Division struck the enemy’s trenches, and carried them after a brief struggle. The 1st Division attacked a few minutes later, and the cavalry swept round the left of the line of entrenchments, cutting down any fugitives who attempted resistance and reaching the enemy’s camp in rear. The Indian contingent, on the south of the canal, co-operated, intercepting the Egyptians at the canal bridge. The opposition encountered at some points was severe, but by 6 a.m. all resistance was at an end. The British loss amounted to 58 killed, 379 wounded, and 22 missing; nearly 2000 Egyptians were killed, and more than 500 wounded were treated in hospital. An immediate pursuit was ordered, and the Indian contingent, under Major-General Macpherson, reached Zagazig, while the cavalry, under Major-General Drury Lowe, occupied Belbeis and pushed on to Cairo, 65 miles from Tel-elKebir, next day. On the evening of the 14th the 10,000 troops occupying Abassiyeh Barracks, and 5000 in the Citadel of Cairo, surrendered. On the 15th General Sir Garnet Wolseley, with the Brigade of Guards under H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, entered the city. The prompt following up of the victory at Tel-el-Kebir saved Cairo from the fate of Alexandria and brought the rebellion to an end. The Egyptian troops at Kafr Dauar, Abukir, and Rosetta surrendered without opposition, and those at Damietta followed on 23rd September, after being threatened with attack. On the 25th the Khedive entered Cairo, where a review of the British troops was held on the 30th. The expeditionary force was now broken up, leaving about 10,000 men, under Major-General Sir A. Alison, to maintain the authority of the Khedive. In twenty-five days, from the landing at Ismailia to the occupation of Cairo, the rebellion was completely suppressed, and the operations were thus signally successful. The authority of the Khedive and the maintenance of law and order now depended absolutely on the British forces left in occupation. Lord Dufferin, who had been sent to Cairo to draw up a project of constitutional reforms, advocated the re-establishment of a native army, not to exceed 5000 to 6000 men, with a proportion of British officers, for purely defence purposes within the Delta; and on 13th December 1882 Sir Evelyn Wood left England to undertake the organization of this force, with the title of Sirdar. Lord Dufferin further advised the formation of a gendarmerie, which “ should be in a great measure a mounted force and empowered with a semi-military character” (despatch of 1st January 1883). The strength of this military police Thc s“dan force was fixed at 4400 men with 2562 horses, queS Wn‘ and Baker Pasha was entrusted with its formation, with the title of Inspector-General. In a despatch of 6th February 1883 Lord Dufferin dealt with the Sudan, and stated that Egypt “ could hardly be expected to acquiesce ” in a policy of withdrawal from her Southern territories. At the same time he pointed out that, Unhappily, Egyptian administration in the Sudan had been almost uniformly unfortunate. The success of the present Mahdi in raising the tribes and extending his influence over great tracts of country was a sufficient proof of the Government’s inability either to reconcile the inhabitants to its rule or to maintain order. The consequences had been most disastrous. Within the last year and a half the Egyptians had lost something like 9000 men, while it was estimated that 40,000 of their opponents had perished. Moreover, to restore tranquillity in the Sudan, the first step necessary was the construction of a railway from Suakin to Berber, or, what, perhaps, would be more advisable, to
