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chap, xl] OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 273 and tasteless, even honey is poisonous ; the most industrious tillage would be confined to some pleasant valleys; and the pastoral tribes obtained a scanty sustenance from the flesh and milk of their cattle. The Ghalybians m derived their name and temper from the iron quality of the soil; and, since the days of Cyrus, they might produce, under the various appella- tions of Chaldaeans and Zanians, an uninterrupted prescription [Tzani] of war and rapine. Under the reign of Justinian, they acknow- ledged the God and the emperor of the Komans, and seven for- tresses were built in the most accessible passes, to exclude the ambition of the Persian monarch. 130 The principal source of the Euphrates descends from the Chalybian mountains, and seems to flow towards the west and the Euxine ; bending to the south-west, the river passes under the walls of Satala and Melitene (which were restored by Justinian as the bulwarks of the lesser Armenia), and gradually approaches the Mediterranean sea ; till at length, repelled by Mount Taurus, 131 the Euphrates inclines his long and flexible course to the south-east and the gulf of Persia. Among the Roman cities beyond the Euphrates, we distinguish two recent foundations, which were named from Theodosius and the relics of the Martyrs; and two capitals, Amida and Edessa, which are celebrated in the history of every age. Their strength was proportioned by Justinian to the danger of their situation. A ditch and palisade might be suffi- cient to resist the artless force of the cavalry of Scythia ; but more elaborate works were required to sustain a regular siege against the arms and treasures of the great king. His skilful astonished at the cold, since, even in the plain of Erzerum, snow sometimes falls in June and the harvest is seldom finished before September. The hills of Armenia are below the fortieth degree of latitude ; but in the mountainous country which I inhabit, it is well known that an ascent of some hours carries the traveller from the climate of Languedoc to that of Norway, and a general theory has been introduced that under the line an elevation of 2400 toises is equivalent to the cold of the polar circle (Remond, Observations sur les Voyages de Coxe dans la Suisse, torn. ii. p. 104). 12i) The identity or proximity of the Chalybians, or Chaldseans, may be investi- gated in Strabo (1. xii. p. 825, 826 [c. 3, § 19 sqq.~), Cellarius (Geograph. Antiq. torn, ii. p. 202-204), and Freret (Mem. de l'Academie, torn. iv. p. 594). Xenophon sup- poses, in his romance (Cyropsed. 1. iii. [c. 3]), the same Barbarians against whom he had fought in his retreat (Anabasis, 1. iv. [c. 2]). 130 Procopius, Persic. 1. i. c. 15. De ^Edific. 1. iii. c. 6. i3i jji Taurus obstet in nostra maria venturus (Pomponius Mela, iii. 8). Pliny, a poet as well as a naturalist (v. 20), personifies the river and mountain, and de- scribes their combat. See the course of the Tigris and Euphrates, in the excellent treatise of d'Anville. VOL. IV. — 18