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336 THE DECLINE AND FALL [Chap, xli of the geographer defines the circumference of Rome within a line of twelve miles and three hundred and forty-five paces ; and that circumference, except in the Vatican, has invariably been the same from the triumph of Aurelian to the peaceful but obscure reign of the modern popes. 87 But in the day of her greatness, the space within her walls was crowded with habitations and inhabitants ; and the populous suburbs, that stretched along the public roads, were darted like so many rays from one common centre. Adversity swept away these extrane- ous ornaments, and left naked and desolate a considerable part even of the seven hills. Yet Rome in its present state could send into the field above thirty thousand males of a military age ; 88 and, notwithstanding the want of discipline and exercise, the far greater part, inured to the hardships of poverty, might be capable of bearing arms for the defence of their country and religion. The prudence of Belisarius did not neglect this im- portant resource. His soldiers were relieved by the zeal and diligence of the people, who watched while they slept, and laboured while they reposed ; he accepted the voluntary service of the bravest and most indigent of the Roman youth; and the companies of townsmen sometimes represented, in a vacant post, the presence of the troops which had been drawn away to more essential duties. But his just confidence was placed in the veterans who had fought under his banner in the Persian and African wars ; and, although that gallant band was reduced to five thousand men, he undertook, with such contemptible numbers, to defend a circle of twelve miles, against an army of one hundred and fifty thousand Barbarians. In the walls of Rome, which Belisarius constructed or restored, the materials of ancient architecture may be discerned ; 89 and the whole fortification was completed, except in a chasm still extant 87 M. d'Anville has given, in the Memoires of the Academy for the year 17/56 (torn. xxx. p. 198-236), a plan of Rome on a smaller scale, but far more accurate, than that which he had delineated in 1738 for Rollin's history. Experience had improved his knowledge ; and, instead of Rossi's topography, he used the new and excellent map of Nolli. Pliny's old measure of xiii must be reduced to viii miles. It is easier to alter a text than to remove hills or buildings. [The change is un- necessary.] 88 In the year 1709, Labat (Voyages en Italie, torn. iii. p. 218) reckoned 138,568 Christian souls, besides 8000 or 10,000 Jews — without souls ? — In the year 1763, the numbers exceeded 160,000. 89 The accurate eye of Nardini (Roma Antica, 1. i. c. viii. p. 31) could distin- guish the tumultuarie opere di Belisario.