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APPENDIX 553 and C. de Boor, Henries 19, 123 sqq., 1884; ib. 20, 321 sqq., 1885; Byz. Ztsch., 1893, 2, 195 sqq.; also Patzig, Die Abhangigkeit des Jo. Antiochenus von Jo. Malalas,- in Byz. Ztsch., 1901, 10, 40 sqq., and Die romischen Quellen des salmasischen Johannes Antiochenus, ib., 1904, 13, 13 sqq.) 28 For the Persian wars in the reign of Anastasius we have the valuable Syriac history of Josua Stylites, known to Gibbon through the abridged Latin trans- lation of Assemani (Bibl. Orient, i. 262-283). The work is entitled " A history of the time of affliction at Edessa and Amida and throughout all Mesopotamia," and was composed in a.d. 506-7, the last date mentioned being 28 Nov. 506, but was probably not published till after the death of Anastasius. It contains a very graphic diary of the events at Edessa during a period of great distress. The narrative of the Persian invasion begins in c. xlviii. The original text was first published by the Abbe Martin (with French transl.) in Abh. of the Deutsche Morgenl. Gesellschaft, 6, 1 (1876); but this has been superseded by the edition of W. Wright, with an English version, 1882. The position of Josua in regard to the theological controversies of the day is treated by H. Gelzer in a paper in the Byzantinische Zeitschrift, i. p. 34 sqq. (1892). His credibility and relation to other souroes are treated by E. Merten, in the commentationes phil. Jenenses, vii. f. ii., 141 sqq., 1905. Josua was one of the sources of the Chronicle of Edessa (a.d. 201-540); see L. Hallier, in Texte und Untersuchungen, ix. 1, 1892. E. W. Brooks has edited a Syrian chronicle, embracing the years a.d. 326-630, with English translation in the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, 53, 261 sqq., 1899; he considers it to be an extract from the Chronicle of James of Edessa (ob. 708) which was used by Michael the Syrian. The work contains a chronological canon as well as brief historical notices. The ecclesiastical history of Zacharias Rhetor, bishop of Mytilene, composed about a.d. 518, throws little light on the political history which is the subject of the volume. But it was translated from Greek into Syriac and incorporated in a Syriac work, which was compiled about fifty years later, and goes generally by the name of Zacharias. The genuine Zacharias corresponds to Bks. 3-6 of the compilation, which consisted of twelve Books (Bk. 11 and parts of 10 and 12 are lost). The pseudo-Zacharias has records of considerable value on the Persian wars and the founding of Daras, a curious notice of the Nika riot, &c. Fragments of the work, preserved in the Vatican, were published and translated by Mai (Scr. Vet. Coll. vol. x.), but the work in its more complete form was not known till 1870, when it was published by Land from a Ms. in the British Museum. (The genuine Zacharias has been translated by Rev. F. J. Hamilton, 1892, printed privately.) An English translation of " The Chronicle known as that of Zachariah of Mytilene," by F. J. Hamilton and E. W. Brooks, has appeared, and likewise a German translation of the same work by K. Ahrens and G. Krviger, 1899. C. Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius was born about 430-433 a.d. He belonged to a good Lyonese family; his father was Praetorian Prefect of Gaul in a.d. 449, a post which his father had held before him. Sidonius married Papia- nilla of Arverni, daughter of Avitus. His relations with that emperor and with his successors Majorian and Anthemius are noticed by Gibbon (c. xxxvi.). In a.d. 469 or 470 Sidonius became bishop of Arverni; he died, before he reached the age of fifty, in 479. The years of his episcopate were troubled, owing to the hostilities between the Visigoths and the Empire. Arverni in Aquitania Prima still, but alone, held out against the Goths, till 475, when Sidonius and Ecdicius his brother- in-law were captured by King Euric, and the bishop was compelled to live for some time in exile from his see, at Tolosa and Burdigala. His literary works consist of a collection of twenty-four poems, and of nine Books of Epistles. These epistles were written evidently with the intention of being published, and each Book ap- peared separately (Book i. published in 469, ii. in 472, v. in 474-5, vii. in 475 (?)). In many of the Letters original poems are inserted. Books iii. v. vii. and viii. 28 Gelzer has conjectured that John of Antioch may be the same as John, Patriarch of Antioch, a.d. 631-649. The work would then have been composed before A.D. 631, as the author of the Constantinian excerpta de virtutibus is styled "John the monk". But I question whether it would have been forgotten that the author was Patriarch.