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564 APPENDIX were not published together. The name of the Western consul was not known in the East, nor that of the Eastern in the West, in time for simultaneous publication. Hence the custom of successive publication. But there are exceptions. Between 421 and 530 there are twenty-three years in which the consular names were published together. Four of these are cases in which two Emperors are colleagues in the consulate, and as this was evidently the result of prearrangement, the simultaneous publication is explained. All the other cases, whether of two private persons or of an Emperor and a private person, are peculiar. In more than half of them Momm- sen has shown that both consuls belonged to the same half of the Empire whether East or West ; thus in 437 both Aetius and Sigisvultus belonged to the West ; and of the other cases there is not one in which it can be proved that they belonged to different divisions. We can infer, with Mommsen, that in these cases one of the two nominators resigned his right in favour of the other, and that both consuls were nominated by the ruler of that division of the Empire to which they respec- tively belonged. This accounts for the simultaneous publication. In the years 473 to 479 no consul was nominated in the West, on account of the unsettled con- ditions, but in 479 Zeno must have conceded to Odovacar the right of nomination, for one of the consuls of 480, Basilius, almost certainly belonged to the West and was recognised in the East ; and from this date we have a series of consuls ap- pointed in the West up to the year of Odovacar' s death (493). This right did not immediately pass to Theodoric, because Anastasius did not immediately recognise him. And so from 493 to 497 the Consular Fasti exhibit exclusively Eastern consuls. This shows Theodoric's tact. He would not widen the breach with the Emperor by assuming the right of naming a consul without his consent. But in 497 matters were arranged, and from 498 Theodoric names one consul annually, as Odovacar had done. In 522 the Emperor Justin waived his own nomination and permitted Theodoric to name both consuls (Symmachus and Boethius). There was one limitation which Theodoric recognised in this matter : he could not nomin- ate a Goth, only Bomans could fill the consulship, and indeed only Bomans could fill the other magistracies. The rule is corroborated by the single exception : in 519 Eutharic, the king's son-in-law, was consul. But it is expressly recorded that this nomination was not made by Theodoric ; it was made by the Emperor. This shows that in the capitulations of the arrangement of 497 between the Government of Constantinople and Theodoric, it was provided that a Goth should not be appointed consul. When the king desired an exception in his son-in-law's favour, he was obliged to have recourse to the Emperor. The capitulation which excluded Goths from the consulship extended also to all the civil offices, which were maintained under Ostrogothic rule, as they had been under Odovacar. There was still the Praetorian Prefect of Italy, and when Theo- doric acquired Provence, the office of Praetorian Prefect of Gaul was revived. There was the vicarius urbis Romae, as before. There were all the provincial governors, divided, as of old, into the three ranks of consulares, correctores and praesides. There were the two finance ministers, the comes sacrarum largitionum and the comes rerum privatarum. Anastasius instituted a new financial officer, the comes patrimonii, who had functions similar to those of the comes r. priv. and Theodoric followed his example. But in this case he did not conform to the rule which ex- cluded Goths ; several of his comites patr. have German names. The office does not seem to have been regarded as a regular State office ; or perhaps, as it was in- stituted subsequently to the capitulations, they did not apply to it. All the officia, or staffs of subordinate officials, were maintained under Theodoric's regime. In the State documents (in the Variae of Cassiodorus) we often read of officium nostrum ; this means the staff of the magister officiorum, who was the chief commander of the scholae of guards and was at the head of all the subordinate officials of the palace. Both the praetorian prefect and the master of offices reside at Ravenna, but they have each a representative at Rome, who belongs to the same rank of illustres as themselves. The drafting of edicts and documents of State, the official correspond- ence of the king, were carried on by the quaestor palatii, an office which was long filled by Cassiodorus. It may be added that the exclusion of Goths also applied to the honorary title of Patricius. Under Theodoric no Goth bore that title but Theo- doric himself, who had received it from the Emperor.