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A HISTORY OF MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS
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ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURE PARAGRPAHS 1. Babylonian Tablets of Nippur.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4 2. Principle of Subtraction in Babylonian Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9 3. Babylonian Lunar Tables................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 4. Mathematical Cuneiform Tablet CBS 8536 in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11 5. Egyptian Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 6. Egyptian Symbolism for Simple Fractions................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18 7. Algebraic Equation in Ahmes................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23 8. Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Coptic Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24 9. Palmyra (Syria) Numeral................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27 10. Syrian Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................28 11. Hebrew Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 12. Computing Table of Salamis................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36 13. Account of Disbursements of the Athenian State, 418-415 B.C.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36 14. Arabic Alphabetic Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................45 15. Degenerate Forms of Roman Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................56 16. Quipu from Ancient Chancay in Peru................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65 17. Diagram of the Two Right-Hand Groups................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................65 18. Aztec Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................66 19. Dresden Codex of Maya................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................67 20. Early Chinese Knots in Strings, Representing Numerals................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................70 21. Chinese and .Japanese Numerals.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................74 22. Hill’s Table of Boethian Apices.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80 23. Table of Important Numeral Forms.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................80 24. Old Arabic and Hindu-Arabic Numerals.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................83 25. Numerals of the Monk Neophytos.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................88 26. Chr. Rudolff’s Numerals and Fractions.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................89 27. A Contract, Mexico City, 1649................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................93
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