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364 LITERATURE OF ANCIENT GREECE courage. Demosthenes was convicted, and condemned to a fine of fifty talents. Unable to pay such an enor- mous sum, he withdrew to Troizen. Nine months after, Alexander died and Greece rose. Demosthenes joined his accuser Hyperides in a mission to rouse the Peloponnese, and was reinstated at Athens amid the wildest enthusiasm. The war opened well. The extant Funeral Speech of Hyperides was pronounced after the first year of it. In 322 came the defeat at Cran- non. The Macedonian general Antipater demanded the persons of Demosthenes and Hyperides. Old Demades, unable to mediate any more, now found himself drawing up the decree sentencing his colleague to death. Demos- thenes had taken refuge in the temple of Poseidon at Calauria, where he was arrested, and took poison. Hyperides is said to have been tortured, a statement which would be incredible but for the flood of crime and cruelty which the abolition of liberty, and the in- troduction of Northern and Asiatic barbarism, let loose upon the Greek world in the next centuries. Demosthenes has never quite escaped from the stormy atmosphere in which he lived. The man's own intensity is infectious, and he has a way of forcing himself into living politics. The Alexandrian schools were- mon- archical, and thought ill of him. To Grote he was the champion of freedom and democracy. To Niebuhr (1804), Philip was Napoleon, and Demosthenes the ideal protest against him. Since 1870, now that monarchical militarism has changed its quarters, German scholars^ seem oppressed by the likeness between Demosthenes and Gambetta, and denounce the policy of ' la revanche '; ^ E.g. Rohrmoser, Weidner, and even Beloch and Holm. The technical critics are Spengel and Blass.