HARTE
HAUPTMANN
1894-96, etc.) and folk-lore. He was Presi
dent of the Folk-Lore Society in 1899, and
President of the Anthropological Section of
the British Association in 1906. Ho is an
Honorary Associate of the R. P. A.
HARTE, Francis Bret, American novelist. B. Aug. 25, 1839. Ed. Albany College (by his father, a Roman Catholic professor). He was, in succession, a teacher, miner, compositor, and journalist (on the Golden Era, California). In 1864 he was appointed secretary of "the branch mint, and in 1870 professor of literature in California University. He was American Consul at Crefeld 1878-80, and at Glasgow 1880-85. His last years were spent in England. It was in 1868 that he began the mining stories which made his reputa tion, and in those and his poems there are many thrusts at orthodoxy. He embraced Unitarianism for a time, but passed on to Theism. " In later years," says T. E. Pemberton (The Life of Bret Harte, 1903), " he was content to worship God through his works " (p. 77). He tells us himself that he " never voiced a creed " (same work, p. 343). D. May 5, 1902.
HARTMANN,Karl Robert Eduard von,
German philosopher. B. Feb. 23, 1842. The son of a general, Hartmann was trained for the army and served in it until 1865, when he " adopted thinking as his vocation" (he said). His great work, Die Philosophie des Unbewussten, was pub lished in 1869 and had an immense circu lation. Of his numerous other works the Beligionsphilosophie (2 vols., 1886-87) is the most important ; but his hostility to Christianity is best seen in his Selbstver- setzung des Christenthums (1888). His chief aim is to fuse the Idea of Hegel and the Will of Schopenhauer together as aspects of the same reality, and to combine the best elements of Christianity and Buddhism. In his system of " concrete Monism" the " spirit of the universe " is unconscious. D. June 6, 1906.
327
HARWOOD, Philip, journalist. B.
1809. He served in a solicitor s office in
Bristol and obtained his articles, but he
decided to join the Presbyterian ministry,
and went to Edinburgh University. The
weakness of Dr. Chalmers s lectures drove
him to Unitarianism, but his rejection of the
miraculous stirred the Unitarian body, and
he became assistant to Fox at South Place
Chapel in 1841. In 1842 he was appointed
lecturer at the Beaumont Institution, Mile
End. Losing that in turn by his heresies,
he took to journalism and was sub-editor
of the Morning Chronicle (1849-54), sub
editor of the Saturday Review (1855-68),
and editor of the Saturday Eeview
(1868-83). D. Dec. 10, 1887.
HARTOGH KEYS VAN ZOUTEYEEN, Professor Herman, Dutch writer. B. Feb. 13, 1841. Ed. Leyden University. He graduated in law and natural philo sophy, and in 1866 won a gold medal by a chemical treatise. For some time he was professor of chemistry and natural history at the Hague. He was on the City Council at Delft, and was later elected to the City Council at Assen ; but he refused to take an oath, and was not allowed to sit. He was Director of the Archaeological Museum at Assen and member of various learned bodies. Member of the Dutch Free thinkers Society and contributor to the Dageraad, he also translated into Dutch several works of Darwin, Biichner, and other foreign Rationalists.
HASLAM, Charles Junius, writer. B. Apr. 24, 1811. Haslam was an Owenite Socialist of Manchester who in 1838 pub lished a strongly Rationalist work, Letters to the Clergy of all Denominations. The publisher, Hetherington, was prosecuted for blasphemy. Haslam wrote several further pamphlets in criticism of religion. D. Apr., 1898.
HAUPTMANN, Gerhart, German dramatist. B. Nov. 15, 1862. Ed. Salz- brunn Real-Schule, Breslau Art School* 323
