WAEKEN
WASHINGTON
the United States Geological Survey. At
this stage he wrote a number of works on
geology and palseontology. An interest in
social evolution gradually diverted Ward
from geology, and in 1883 he published
his well-known Dynamic Sociology (2 vols.).
He followed Herbert Spencer in his general
philosophy of evolution, but dissented
strongly from his individualism and laissez
Jairc in sociology. The new work was a
complete sketch of the conscious organiza
tion of social evolution. In 1893 he issued
The Psychic Factors of Civilization, in
1903 Pure Sociology, and in 1906 Applied
Sociology. Ward was so industrious a
writer that the bibliography of his papers
and works runs to six hundred items. He
was generally recognized to be " America s
most distinguished sociologist " (Inter
national Encyclopedia}. He was a thorough
Agnostic, excluding every shade of mys
ticism, as he freely expresses in his chief
work, Glimpses of the Cosmos and a Mental
Autobiography (8 vols., 1912-15). D. Apr.
19, 1913.
WARREN, Josiah, American reformer. B. June 26, 1798. Warren was one of the enthusiasts who co-operated with Eobert Owen in his Socialistic colony at New Harmony in 1825-26. He retired to Cincinnati, where he opened a " Time .Store," which prospered for a year or two. He held that payment ought to be by .equivalence of labour, and used "labour- notes " like those used by Owen in London. His views are expounded in his True Civilization. D. Apr. 14, 1874.
WARWICK, the Countess of (Frances Evelyn). B. Dec. 10, 1861. A daughter of Colonel Maynard, she married the fifth Earl of Warwick, and became well known as a rebel against the traditions of her class. She is a member of the British Socialist Party and the Independent Labour Party. At Studley Castle, her seat in Warwickshire, she has established an important college for training the daughters of professional men in horti-
869
culture and the care of bees, poultry, etc.;
and on her Essex estate she has a technical
school for the training of boys and girls of
the district. She has built also a small
home for crippled children at Warwick,
and has been for many years a Poor Law
Guardian. The Countess is a very devoted
and practical humanitarian, and is President
of the Essex Needlework Guild and other
societies. She expounds her Rationalist
beliefs in an article on " The New Keligion "
in the Hibbert Journal of July, 1917. The
Church of England she regards as " bank
rupt." She is a Theist, but wants " a
religion of humanity," without theology,
ritual, or priests.
WASHBURN, L. K., American writer and lecturer. B. Mar. 25, 1846. Wash- burn worked on his father s farm in his early years, and " attended school when he could." He, however, had two years at the Barre High School and some time at Pierce Academy. He then entered a law office, but presently \vent to the Boston School for Ministers to train for the Unitarian clergy. He was ordained, after some years of reluctance, in 1870, and from that date until 1880 he served as a very liberal preacher. He quitted the Church in 1880, spent five years as a clerk, and then began his long and esteemed career as a Rationalist lecturer. In 1886 he began to lecture regularly at the Paine Memorial Hall. Three years later he succeeded Horace Seaver as editor of the Investigator. Putnam describes him as " one of the foremost writers and orators in America to-day" (1897).
WASHINGTON, George, first President of the United States. B. Feb. 22, 1732. Ed. common school. His paternal ancestors had come from England in 1657, and his father was a large landowner in Virginia ; but the conditions of the time afforded little chance of education. Washington became a public surveyor in 1748. Three years later he was drafted into the frontier- army and appointed adjutant-general. He
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