which almost sovereign states—which was the real character of the different parts of the empire under the old system—could plan and execute revolt, was removed.
Literature and Religion: Zoroastrianism.—The literature of the ancient Persians was mostly religious. Their sacred book is called the Zendavesta.
(From Persepolis.)
The oldest part is named the Vendidad. This consists of laws, incantations, and mythical tales.
The religious system of the Persians, as taught in the Zendavesta, is known as Zoroastrianism, from Zoroaster, its founder. This great reformer and teacher is now generally supposed to have lived and taught about 1000 B.C.
Zoroastrianism was a system of belief known as dualism. Opposed to the "good spirit," Ormazd (Ahura Mazda), there was a "dark spirit," Ahriman (Angro-Mainyus), who was constantly striving to destroy the good creations of Ormazd by creating all evil things—storm, drought, pestilence, noxious animals, weeds and thorns in the world without, and evil in the heart of man within. From all eternity these two powers had been contending
