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THE RE VOL UTIONAR Y PERIOD 1 33 Ayres against a royalist army under Pezuela in Upper Peru (Bolivia). Another rebellion broke out in Cuzco headed by an Inca named Pumacagua, and that city and several other smaller towns were occupied by the revolutionists. But this uprising was put down by General Ramirez in the battle of Umachiri, March 15th, 1815. The Spanish power in Peru was too well organ- ized, and few further attempts to achieve their inde- pendence were made by the Peruvians until after the battle at Maypo in Chile, April 1818; their final inde- pendence was not achieved until Bolivar had won the battle of Pinchincha, near Quito, in 1822. Chile, Peru, the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, and Colombia, are so intimately associated in the revolu- tionary struggle that the history of the period applies scarcely more to one than to all of these provinces. Belgrano, San Martin, and Bolivar are names connected with the struggle from Colombia to La Plata. They are South American heroes, honored alike by all the republics. In this united struggle it was necessary for Buenos Ayres, where the revolutionary movement had been early made in the south, to assist both Chile and Peru to preserve her own declared independence against the royalist stronghold in Lima. This brought the war early to that part of Peru bordering upon the terri- tories of Buenos Ayres — Upper Peru, now Bolivia. The revolution first broke out at La Paz, where the Spanish authorities were deposed, March 25th, iSog, and a junta established. In August of the same year a junta was formed at Quito, the Marquis Selva Alle- gre being chosen its president. Cisniros, the Spanish viceroy of Buenos Ayres, sent an army against the patriots of La Paz under Nieto; the viceroy of Lima sent another force under Goyeneche ; the viceroy of