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I40 A HISTORY OF CHILE the Creole citizens with most intense feelings of hatred of their oppressors. Henceforth, it was war to the knife ; no concessions from Spain would avail anything after the massacres and imprisonments in Caracas, in Quito and on the plateaux of Bolivia. England might mediate in vain, as she once essayed to do, to save Spain her colonies ; the bridge had been crossed, blood must be avenged, independence achieved.