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ERA OF CONSTITUTION MAKING 225 lished at the cost of the state, his important history of Chile, " Historia fisica i politica de Chile." Don Andres Gorbea, the Spanish mathematician, was for thirty years professor of the exact sciences in the university of Santiago. He had gone there from London with the Chilean minister, Don Mariano Egana. It was at the close of President Prieto's administra- tion, 1841, that William Wheelwright, an American, began to run steamers between Valparaiso and Callao, the first in the Pacific. An English company was formed which afterward put the two steamers, the "Chile" and the "Peru," on the line between Valpa- raiso and Callao, and later still ran them to Panama. Wheelright also projected the railroad from Caldera to Copiapo, which was the first line constructed in South America, and undertook other important works that have made his name celebrated in both Chile and Argentina. The Chileans have honored his memory with a fine statue in Valparaiso. After the expatriation of the bishop, Rodriguez, the apostolic vicar, Don Manuel Vicufia, governed for a time the diocese of Santiago. He was humane and charitable. The distinguished patriot priest, Jos6 Ig- nacio Cienfuegos, was made bishop of Concepcion. At the close of Prieto's administration an archbishopric was established in Santiago and bishops appointed for La Serena and Ancud; this was done by special decrees of Pope Gregory XVI. Vicuna was made first arch- bishop in 1841, but died after two years. The dean, Don Jos6 Alejo Ej'zaguirre, succeeded Vicuna and held the office one year when he resigned. Don Rafael Val- entine Valdivieso, a lawyer, was, in 1848, consecrated as archbishop and held the office for the long term of thirty years. The bishoprics of La Serena and Ancud were not long maintained.