Page:A history of architecture on the comparative method for the student, craftsman, and amateur.djvu/657

ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. 599 many forts, churches and mission houses, which bear resemblance to the Spanish Renaissance buildings. Between the Declaration of Independence (1776) and the war of 1812, owing to the erection of new State capitals, a more monu- mental type was evolved. Among the buildings of importance a few only can be. mentioned. The original Capitol at Washington (1793- 1830), by Thornton, Hallet and Latrobe. Virginia University (181 7), by Jefferson, recently destroyed by fire, and rebuilt in a similar manner by McKini, Mead and White, and the Massachusetts State House at Boston (1795), by Bullfinch, recently enlarged and restored. The Classic Revival (1812-1870) of Europe reached the States somewhat late, but produced similar results. Among the buildings were the Wings and Dome of the Capitol at Washington (1858-1873), by Walters, which became the model for many public buildings. The Customs House at Neiv York, the United States Mint, Philadelphia, the Treasury at Washington, Boston Custom House, several State capitols, the Town Hall, Philadelphia, and the Capitol at Albany, begun in 1871. The Gothic Revival was confined principally to churches ( 1 840-1 876). Grace Church (1845) and 5. Patrick's Cathedral, New York (begun in 1858), both by Renwick ; Trinity Church, New York (1839-1846), by R. Upjohn; the State Capitol at Hartford, by R. M. Upjohn (1873-1878); the Museum at Boston (1876-1880) ; the Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia (1876) ; Memorial Hall, Harvard College (1870-1877), are examples of this revival. Recent Architecture. — The industrial activity which followed the civil war (i 861 -1865), and the devastating conflagrations of Chicago (1871) and Boston (1872) all helped to create greater interest in architecture, while such exhibitions as that at Phila- delphia (1876), Chicago (1893) and S. Louis (1904) have aided in enlarging the national ideas. Two architects, H. H. Richardson (1826-1886) and R. M, Hunt (1827-1895), also helped the movement, both ^ in very different ways. Richardson, although a pupil of the Ecole des Beaux- Arts, worked in the non-academic French Romanesque manner, and greatly influenced his contemporaries and successors. Trinity Church, Boston (1877), Pittsburgh County Buildings, the Albany City Hall, work at Harvard University, and many charming small libraries round Boston, are his well-known examples. R. M. Hunt has been specially employed in the erection of large town and country houses, among which may be mentioned Houses at Neivport, " Biltmore " — a country chateau in North Carolina — many city buildings, including the Lennox Library, New York (1871-1877), and the additions to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Neiv York.