CASTILE.
187
For the most part the orthodoxy of Spain had been vexed only
with a few Fraticelli and Waldenses, not numerous enough to call
for active repression. The main trouble lay in the multitudes of
Jews and Moors who, under the law, were entitled to toleration,
but whom popular fanaticism had forced to conversion in great
numbers, and whose purity of faith was justly liable to suspicion.
Hereafter I hope to have the opportunity of showing that from
both the religious and the political standpoint of the age the
measures taken by Ferdinand and Isabella were by no means with-
out justification, however mistaken they were both in morals and
in policy, and however unfortunate in their ultimate results. At
present it suffices to point out this condition of affairs to explain
the dissatisfaction which was widely prevalent and the demand
for an efficient remedy.
At the same time even Spain was not wholly unmoved by the
spirit of unrest and inquiry which marked the second half of the
fifteenth century, sapping the foundations of tradition and reject-
ing the claims of sacerdotalism. About 1460 we learn from Alonso
de Espina that many were beginning to deny the efficacy of oral
confession, and this point could not have been reached without
calling in question many other doctrines and observances which
the Church taught to be necessary to salvation. At length these
innovators grew so bold that Pedro de Osma, a professor in the
great University of Salamanca, ventured to promulgate their ob-
noxious opinions in print. Oral confession, he asserted, was of
human, not of divine precept, and was unnecessary for the forgive-
ness of sins; no papal indulgence could insure the living from the
fires of purgatory; the papacy could err, and had no power to
dispense with the statutes of the Church. Had there been any
machinery of persecution at hand, short work would have been
made with so bold a heretic, but the authorities were so much at
a loss what to do with him that they applied to Sixtus IV., who
sent a commission to Alonso Carrillo, Archbishop of Toledo, the
dignitary next in rank to the king, to try him. In 1479 a council
was assembled for the purpose at Alcalà, consisting of fifty-two
of the best theologians in Spain, besides a number of canon law-
Raynald. ann. 1453, No. 19.-Alphons. de Spina Fortalic. Fidei Prolog. fol. 566 (Ed. 1494).
