interests in Japan lay in the support of the Shogunate, that the court and most of the daimyos were hostile to foreigners, and that an example should be made of some of the trouble-making feudatories. As Choshiu had given cause for punishment, and was still closing the straits, he believed that the blow should fall there.[1] Thus it was that an allied expedition was organized ostensibly to open the straits, but really to crush the leader of the anti-foreign party. Before it finally sailed from Yokohama, the aggressive conduct of Choshiu had lost him his influence with the imperial court and he was actually an outlaw, with the Shogun instructed by the Mikado to carry out measures of reprisal. So the allied fleet, comprising British, French, and Dutch ships of war and a chartered American steamer, which sailed against Choshiu (despite strict orders from the home governments—which arrived too late)[2] was sent to destroy an outlaw prince instead of the masterful leader of the pro-Mikado, anti-Shogun forces.
The batteries at Shimonoseki were destroyed in September, 1864. Choshiu was humbled, and begged for mercy, promising to pay an indemnity to cover the damage he had done, the cost of the allied expedition, and a ransom for the town of Shimonoseki, which might have been destroyed. At Yedo there was suppressed rejoicing. The Shogunate, which had approved of the allied expedition, rejoiced that the Europeans had made the way easy for its own punitive expedition against Choshiu, but it regretted that a Japanese daimyo had made so poor a showing against the foreigners. Moreover, it did not intend to permit direct intercourse between Choshiu, a feudal fief, and the treaty powers. In the negotiations which took place at Yedo and Yokohama and which resulted in the convention of October 22, one of the first points to be raised by the foreign representatives was that the Shogun should secure the Mikado's sanction of the treaties, and a promise was given that every effort would be made to secure this ratification.[3] But this point was not touched upon in the convention, that document being solely concerned with determining the amount to be paid by the Shogun, instead of by Choshiu, for indemnities, ransom, or expenses. This sum was fixed at $3,000,000, and instead of paying part or all of it the Shogun might offer to open Shimonoseki or some other eligible port in the Inland Sea.
Like so many other conventions, that of October 22, 1864, created
