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392 Reviezvs of Books Pacific coast, in the Canadian northwest and Arctic region, and every- where below the Mexican border, it is still unknown except sporadically and by special introduction. Its rapid extension within the settlement period he ascribes to the encouragement given by the colonial govern- ments in offering scalp premiums and to the opportunity afforded by the introduction of firearms and steel knives. The earlier trophy was the head, for which the more portable scalp was substituted, a part for the whole, as the warriors became accustomed to more distant raidings under the instigation and leadership of their white allies. In 1636 the Puritans paid for Pequot heads, but in King Philip's War, forty years later, we hear of scalping, and from that period the scalp market steadily rose until in 1722 the price was a hundred pounds apiece in Massachusetts. French Canada and Louisiana, colonial Carolina and Pennsylvania, as well as New England, the northern Mexican states in 1835-1845, and even Idaho forty years ago, all paid definite prices for scalps of men, women, and children. A chapter is devoted to other trophies of similar gruesome character, ears, hands, bones, the skull temples of the Aztecs, the smoked heads of the Amazon, and the horrible human drums of the Incas. The trophy was most elaborated in the warmer regions where leisure was most abundant. The thirty-three pages of classified bibliography might almost cover the whole Indian subject, and the accompanying map shows clearly the area of each method noted, in both its original and its secondary exten- sion. James IMooney. The Constitutional History of Nezu York from the Beginning of the Colonial Period to the Year 1905, showing the Origin, Develop- ment, and Judicial Construction of the Constitution. By Charles Z. Lincoln. In five volumes. (Rochester, X. Y. : The Lawyers' Co-operative Publishing Company. 1906. Pp. xxx, 756; xvii, 725; xviii, 757; xxvi, 800; 551.) A book on this subject was greatly needed; and the author's ex- ample should be followed by citizens of other commonwealths. That a knowledge of the history of the constitution of his own state is indis- pensable to every lawyer and statesman who works on broad lines is easy of comprehension. No provision of a statute or of a fundamental law can be construed without a consideration of the conditions that preceded the same, the circumstances that brought it into existence, and the result that it was enacted to accomplish; of the old law, the mis- chief, and the remedy. No new remedy can be intelligently applied without a knowledge of the history of the evil and of the previous at- tempts to cure it. The value of such studies to students of sociolog)' and of the history of institutions is now beginning ta be appreciated. The great need of a collection of the constitutional precedents in the