42 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
d) Improvements in fiscal systems.
e) Improvements in currency systems.
6. Improvements in status of aliens and in naturalization laws.
7. Movements aimed at further civic progress largely by voluntary initiative.
a) Agitations for extension of constitutional guarantees (in various countries of the world).
b) Organization of political parties.
c) Agitations for minor political reforms.
(1) In principle of representation, e. g., minority representation.
(2) In control of nominations and elections.
(3) In popular check upon legislation (initiative and referendum).
(4) Enlargement of areas of uniform regulations (in continental Europe imperial federation, in Great Britain colonial federa- tion, in the United States uniform legislation of states, etc.).
(5) In extension of the merit system.
(6) Good government clubs of the various types.
(7) Associations for promoting international peace.
B. ACHIEVEMENT IN HARMONIZING INDUSTRIAL AND PROPERTY INTERESTS. I. Primarily by law :
a) Improved legal status of various kinds of property partnerships, corporations, franchises, etc.
b) Removal of artificial barriers to enterprise (international and domestic) ; i. e., increased freedom of industry and migration.
c) Labor laws.
d) Homestead laws.
e) Laws protecting seamen.
f) Arbitration laws.
g) Simplification of procedure.
h) Checks on oppressive power of capitalistic or labor organizations.
i) Governmental pensions and insurance.
j) Governmental supervision of industrial and commercial enterprise,
including departments of agriculture, commerce, transportation,
bureaus of labor, etc. k) State ownership of industries. I) Improvements in status of married women and of children, both as
to property and as to industry. m) Municipal pawn-shops. n) Asset banking. o) Improvement in legal status of professional and personal service.
1 i ) Clergymen.
(2) Lawyers.
(3) Teachers.
