INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 421
empire, thus divided, had been in a state of inferiority as com- pared with its neighbor. One portion extended from the Ebro to the Loire and the Alps ; the second, from the Loire to the Vistula at the south and at the north, as far as the Danube and the moun- tains of Rsetia and of Neustria on the east, whence it commanded the valleys of Lombardy. The third, including its tributary coun- tries, comprised Lombardy, the greater part of Bavaria, Aleman- nia to the south of the Danube with Rsetia; in Italy it bordered upon the pontifical states which, extending from the Adriatic to the Mediterranean, separated Carolingian Italy from the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento tributary states which were, how- ever, rather inclined toward attaching themselves to the Empire of the East, which held Sicily and the southern part of the penin- sula, as well as the coasts of Dalmatia, with their islands.
[To be continued}
