NOTES AND ABSTRACTS 885
war. (6) Mixed individual government is a step towards collective government (c) Indirect individual government.
B. Family Group. This is not a social but an individualistic group. It is the continuation of the individual.
C. Extra-family Groups, f. g., professional groups.
D. Voluntary Groups. These develop industry, commerce, etc.
E. International Groups. These represent the unity between nations, and have legislative, judicial, and executive functions.
In the midst of collective governments there is found the dlbris of individualistic governments. Individualistic rights are found as (a) the genesis of new right survivals; (c) results of the deficiency of collective governments ; (d) a defense of the individual against the collective rights ; and (f) as the evolution of individualistic and collective rights. Three great principles are found in the movement, (a) The indi- vidualistic right represents rarefaction ; the collective represents condensation. () The functions, at first in an amorphous state, differentiate, (c) Some social forces are sub- ordinated to others. RAOUL DE LA GRASSERIE, "La Structure de la Societe' et fin), Revue Internationale de Sociologie, December 1896.
The Criminal in the Open. The criminal has usually been studied behind the prison bars., A decade's experience with tramps and " professional criminals " " in the open " may tell us something more about them. Are " professional criminals " (not instinctive criminals," of which there are very few) peculiar physically, intellec- tually, or morally ? No, they are not naturally so, but may become so from long imprisonment. There is no such thing as a "criminal cranium." Many in later life do have a peculiar "countenance," which is the result of long imprisonment. Natu- rally they are far shrewder than ordinary men, and would be able to win their way in the natural course of life if they tried. They see an easier way of living and choose it Morally they are not obtuse. They are not unmindful of duties, and are subject to remorse. The " professional criminal " is not deficient in physique, intellect, morals, or will, and so is perfectly responsible for what he does. His treatment should be such as to make him feel that such a life is hard and costly. JOSIAH FLY NT in the Forum, February 1897. M.
The Relation of the Liquor Traffic to Pauperism, Crime, and Insanity. (Taken from an investigation made by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Massachu- setts.) (i) Pauperism. Of 3230 paupers examined, 2108, or 65.26 per cent, were addicted to the use of liquor; 866, or 26.81 per cent., were total abstainers; while in regard to the other 256, or 7.93 per cent., no information could be secured. Of the total abstainers 41 per cent, were minors. Out of 2701 cases, 1274, or 47.17 per cent., attributed their pauperism to their own intemperate habits. In 1542, or 64.82 per cent., out of 2379 cases, one or both parents were addicted to drink.
(2) Crime. Of 26,672 convictions for crime during twelve months, 17,575, or 65.89 per cent., of them were for drunkenness, and 657, or 2.46 per cent., for drunken- ness in combination with other offenses. Intemperate habits were said to have led to 22,514 out of 26,656 crimes, while in the other 4142 cases such influence was denied ; 94.24 per cent, of the criminals used intoxicating liquors ; 5.76 per cent, were total abstainers, almost one-half the latter being minors. Of the parents 57.89 per cent of the fathers and 20.49 per cent, of the mothers drank.
(3) Insanity. Of 1836 insane, 671, or 36.55 per cent., were intemperate ; 677, or 36.87 per cent., were abstainers ; while in the other cases the facts could not be secured. Of the 1281 adults concerning whom definite information could be secured. 659, or 51.44 per cent., were intemperate, and 622, or 48.56 per cent, abstainers. In Bulletin of the Department of Labor, January 1897. M.
Railway Relief Departments. Railway men belonging to associations and brotherhoods have the benefit of the relief and insurance there afforded. Many rail- roads furnish medical attendance, hospital service, and some temporary rcl employe's. Six have established "relief departments," by which is meant provision
