592 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
pendiculars and constructing triangles, finding the radius of a circle from an arc. etc. When these sheets have been completed, a wide departure is made from the usual method in mechanical drawing-class instruction. We do not spend time in finding the projections of a point or a line in the many planes in which they mav be projected ; that would be next to impossible among the pupils forming our classes ; certainly we could not get them interested and hold their attention for one and one-half hours at a time day after day. Instead, we design models in which the principles of projection are shown, beginning with elementary forms and proceeding to the complex.
In some models the scale is full size, in others half size, and in others twice full size. It may at once be discerned from inspection of the successive views of models shown that the course is comprehensive and difficult ; also, that good drawings are made, for the sheets from which these half-tones and etch- ings were made are from pupils in the classes. In the model listed as No. i, Group II (p. 591), we have shown it photographed, and at the top right it is shown as a free-hand sketch.
The first operation of the pupil is to draw in plan, elevation, and section the model under consideration, putting thereon all needed dimensions mechanically to represent the model in the
- al planes of projection. When this is done and accepted,
a new paper is given, the model taken away, and from the sketch is made the mechanical drawing.
Free -hand drawing. Group ///, general mental quickening. In this class we begin with a series of short vertical. lines, spaced as near equally apart as the pupil can guide with the eye. The instruc- tor makes the first one, setting the distance for the second ; then the pupil begins to make the other five; then the same method is used to produce five horizontal lines spaced alike and of equal length. Next, the lines are crossed at regular intervals, forming little squares. Then longer verticals are drawn, these to be connected by short horizontals spaced as near equally apart as the eye can regulate. Next, larger squares are formed, then heavy shade or double lines are made. Now the foregoing prin- ciples and lines are crossed to produce, suggestive forms. The
