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an air of artificiality about the treatment of political affairs which reminds one irresistibly of Rousseau and the atomistic social philoso- phy of the eighteenth century: e.g., "Le bien-6tre des hommes n'est pas en fonction des divisions politiques. Que ['Europe soit partag^e en dix ^tats ou en cinquante, elle ne sera pour cela ni plus civilis^e, ni plus barbare " (p. 71). And, finally, there are not wanting examples of the "one-sided reasoning" with which M. Novicow charges his opponents. Thus he argues that because questions still remain which threaten war, therefore the eight thousand wars of the past have all settled nothing; and also that because the smaller states have opposed political consolidation by war, therefore war has never consolidated great states. Such arguments are surely rather ingenious than con- vincing.
After proving, to his own satisfaction, that war is, and always has been, an unmitigated evil, in every respect, M. Novicow finds himself confronted with this question : Why is it, then, that war still continues, and that men are still found to defend it ? His answer is brief and to the point : War continues from force of habit (i-outine), and men defend it because they have confused it with competition in general (la lutte). The discussion of this proposition is one of the most original and suggestive parts of the book.
The last two chapters contain a polemic against the theories advanced by Gumplowicz in Der Rassenkampf, and, at the end, an elo- quent plea for peace. But unfortunately, the "Synthase de I'anta- gonisme et de la solidarity" proves to be metaphysical to a degree, and we are left in the dark as to the means by which peace is to be obtained and maintained.
Edward Van Dyke Robinson.
Rock Island, III.
Socialism and the Social Movemeiit in the Nineteenth Century. By Werner Lombart, Professor in the University of Breslau. Translated by Anson P. Atterbury ; introduction by Profes- sor John B. Clark. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1898. Pp. xvii + 199.
This volume of public addresses gives the most significant elements of socialism without burdening the page with minor details. The author regards socialism as the most significant form of prolitariat struggle for recognition, power, and material well-being. The class is
