l6o THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
and to choose another word for the personal response. The word "motive" has also this double meaning, referring either to the external object or occasion for action, or to the internal susceptibilities. In the present discussion its meaning will be restricted to the latter. Seeing now that both society and self-consciousness are founded on mutual services, we may define a sanction as any expectation suggested by one person (the agent) adequate to arouse in another person (the subject) motives leading to acts of service. On the side of the agent we have sanctions, on the side of the subject motives and suscepti- bilities. These are now to be examined in turn, with reference to the two grand divisions of each, coercion and persuasion.
The usual classification of legal and penal sanctions describes them as punitive and remuneratory — the former the attachment of a penalty to a command, the latter the offer of a reward. From the sociological standpoint the classification is indequate. The remuneratory sanction may be either coercive or persuasive, and punitive sanctions may be further divided. The following analysis of social sanctions is proposed as applicable to both public and private coercion and persuasion, remembering that in all social and psychic phenomena the motives are blended and overlapped, and can be separated out, not in actual examples, but by predominant characters.
1. Corporal sanctions. Based on expectation of physical penalties : the infliction of death or bodily pain and detention in case of disobedience.
2. Privative sanctions. Based on expectation of material penalties : the dispossession of property, fines, the reduction or discharge from position in case of disobedience.
3. Remuneratory sanctions. Based on expectation of mate- rial rewards : the bestowal of property, revenues, appointments, promotions, for obedience.
4. Reprobatory sanctions. Based on the expectation of social penalities : the bestowal of blame, hatred, social ostra- cism, for disobedience.
5. Approbatory sanctions. Based on social rewards: the bestowal of praise, approval, friendship, love, for obedience.
