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rooms, by tunnels or by cloistered passages. All electric cables, gas pipes, hot-water heating pipes, etc., are thus provided for; and where cloistered passages exist they serve as shelters for convalescent patients. Many of the large, new hospitals are built upon these plans, e. g., in Dresden, in Berlin, in Bremen, in Schoneberg (being built) , in Kiel, in Leipzig, and in Hamburg among others. Chemnitz is planning for such an institution with one thousand beds, to cost six million marks; Leipzig expended over four million marks for a new hospital built in 1899-1901. Berlin's new Rudolf Virchow Hospital will be, when completed, the largest hospital on the continent. It is to accommodate two thousand persons, including attendants, and will cost 13,100,000 marks. Bremen's new hospital is composed of twenty separate buildings, and cost 3,000,000 marks. Hamburg exhibited draw- ings of her Eppendorf Hospital, consisting of eighty-one build- ings, of which fifty-nine are pavilions with the newest hygienic appliances, capable of accommodating sixteen hundred patients. Her Harbor Hospital consists of a building for offices and operating rooms, a pavilion for one hundred patients, a pavilion for troublesome patients, a morgue, a building for medical exami- nation, a building for the disinfection both of persons and of property, and the connected boiler and engine house. This hospital was built 1898-1900, at a cost of 747,000 marks, and receives persons brought in by the police, and bodies of persons who have committed suicide or who have met with accident; and serves for examination of persons thought to have contagious diseases, and also for disinfection.
Besides building and maintaining these excellent institutions, the German municipalities undertake other means of preserving and promoting the public well-being. In modern times attention has been turned from clinical to hygienic activity. There has been a change from individual shortsightedness to social far- sightedness.
Parks and boulevards. When cities were constricted by walls, there was not the opportunity, even though there had been the desire, for reserving park space within the city. With the razing of the fortifications, which began in 1870, it became possible to
