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Painting in Holland. 521 Hals are in private galleries in England. Sir Richard Wallace has, among others, a fine Portrait of a Cavalier : a Portrait of a Woman by him is in the National Gallery. Frans Hals had five sons, all of whom were painters, but none of them rank above mediocrity. We must, how- ever, mention his brother Dirk Hals (1589 — 1657), who studied under Bloemart, and painted in early life animals and hunting scenes ; subsequently he changed his style for genre subjects. A Convivial Party by him is in the National Gallery. (a) Rembrandt and his Pupils. The tendency of the Dutch School had always been realistic, and in the period under review this tendency found its highest development, and was carried up to quite a noble range of art by Rembrandt van Ryn, a master who changed the school, and raised it to the high position it so long held. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Ryn was born at Leyden, in 1607. He was first a pupil of an unimportant artist, Jacob van Swanenburch, with whom he remained three years; he then studied under Lastman at Amsterdam, and Jacob Pynas at Haarlem. In 1630, the year in which he painted his earliest-known oil-picture — the Portrait of an old Man, now in the Cassel Gallery — he was so far advanced in art that he left Leyden, where he had been living since the completion of his education, and established himself as a painter at Amsterdam, in which city he thenceforth resided. He gave himself up, like Teniers, to the instruction of his pupils, rather than become a friend of princes and nobles, like Rubens or Van Dyck. In 1632 he produced the celebrated Lesson in