Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/184

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Kal

( 162 )

Kam

chilver). In the non-Teut. languages there is a series of words with the phonetic base glbh-, denoting ‘the young of animals.’ Comp. Sans. gárbha, ‘covey,’ also ‘child, offspring’; in the sense of ‘mother's lap’ the Ind. word suggests Gr. δελφύς, ‘womb,’ and its derivative ἀδελφός, ‘brother’; comp. also δέλφαξ, ‘pig, porker.’ To the a of the Teut. word o in Gr. δολφός ἡ μήτρα, ‘the womb,’ corresponds.

Kaldaunen, f. plur., ‘intestines,’ from MidHG. and MidLG. kaldûne; a MidHG. and LG. word (in UpG. Kutteln). It is based upon a Rom. and MidLat. caldûmen, a derivative of Lat. calidus (caldus) ‘warm,’ meaning chiefly ‘the still reeking entrails of newly slaughtered animals’; comp. South-West Fr. chaudin, Bologn. caldôm, ‘entrails.’ From East Rom. (and G.?) the word found its way also into Slav.; comp. Czech kaldoun, ‘entrails,’ Croat. kalduni, ‘lung.’

Kalender, m., ‘calendar,’ from MidHG. kalender (with the variant kalenḍenœre), m.; the latter comes from Lat. calendarium, but is accented like calendae.

kalfatern, vb., ‘to caulk a ship,’ from Du. kalefateren; the latter is derived from Fr. calfater.

Kalk, m., ‘lime,’ from the equiv. MidHG. kalc, kalkes, OHG. chalch, m. The ModHG. variant Kalch (occurring in UpG. and MidG.) is based upon OHG. chalh for chalah (hh). Allied to AS. čealc; but E. chalk has assumed a divergent sense, just as MidHG. kalc means both ‘lime’ and ‘white-wash.’ The cognates are derived from the Lat. acc. calcem (nom. calx), and were borrowed at a very early period, as is indicated by the initial k, or rather c of the HG. and E. words, for somewhat later loan-words such as Kreuz (from crucem) have z for Lat. c; c remains as k in old loanwords such as Kaiser, Goth. lukarna, from Lat. lucerna, Keller, from cellarium. The Teutons became acquainted through the Itals. both with the name and thing about the same period as with Mauer and Ziegel (Tünche).

Kalm, m., ‘calm,’ of LG. origin; LG. kalm, E. calm; based on the Fr. calme.

Kalmank, Kalmang, m., from E. calamanco, Fr. calmande, f., all with the same meaning, ‘fine woollen stuff.’ MidLat. calamancus may be derived from the East.

Kalmäuſer, m., ‘moping fellow,’ simply ModHG., of obscure origin; the second part

of the compound is exactly the same as in Duckmäuser, which see.

kalt, adj., ‘cold,’ from the equiv. MidHG. and OHG. kalt (gen. kaltes): corresponding to AS. ceald, cald, E. cold, OIc. kaldr, Goth. kalds,; an old partic. formation corresponding to the Lat. vbs. in -tus, Sans. ta-s (Goth. d from Aryan t), as in alt, laut, todt, traut, zart, &c. kal- as the root appears in a stronger stage of gradation in ModHG. kühl, and in a weaker stage in OIc. kulde, ‘cold.’ In OIc. and AS. the str. vb. of which ModHG. kalt and OIc. keldr are partics. is retained; Scand. kala, ‘to freeze,’ AS. calan, ‘to freeze’; allied to Swiss χale, ‘to cool,’ and hence ‘curdle.’ Note ModE. chill from AS. čyle (from čęli, kali). The root is identical with that of Lat. gelu, ‘frost,’ gelâre, ‘to congeal,’ gelidus, ‘cold.’

Kamel, n., ‘camel,’ from Lat. camêlus; in MidHG. kemmel, këmel, which point to the Byzantine and ModGr. pronunciation of Gr. κάμηλος, and hence to κάμιλος (the e of kemel is produced by i- mutation from a). The ModHG. word is a more recent scholarly term, borrowed anew from Lat. (comp. Fr. chameau, Ital. camello), while the MidHG. word was brought back from the Crusades, and hence is due to immediate contact with the East. Moreover, at San Rossore, near Pisa, a breed of camels has existed from the Crusades down to modern times, some of which are exhibited in Europe as curiosities. In the OTeut. period there was, curiously enough, a peculiar word for ‘camel’ current in most of the dialects, which corresponded to Gr. ἐλεφαντ-, Goth. ulbandus, AS. olfend, OHG. olbenta, MidHG. olbent; allied to OSlov. velĭbądŭ, ‘camel.’ The history of this word is quite obscure.

Kamerad, m., ‘comrade, companion,’ ModHG. only, from Fr. camarade (Ital. camerata, ‘society,’ lit. ‘comrades living together in a room,’ then too ‘companion’), whence also E. comrade. OTeut. had a number of terms for ModHG. Kamerad; comp. Geselle, Gesinde, OHG. gidofto, ‘companion’ (comp. Decht and Dost), simply forms illustrative of the OTeut. heroic age, which were partly disused in the MidHG. period in favour of the foreign terms Kumpan and Kamerad.

Kamille, f., ‘camomile,’ from MidHG. kamille, f., which is again derived from MidLat. and Ital. camamilla (Gr. χαμαίαμηλον).