Page:An Etymological Dictionary of the German Language.djvu/434

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piece, language,’ OHG. zunga, f., ‘tongue, domain of a language.’ Comp. OSax. tunga, LG. tunge, Du. tonge, OFris. tunge, AS. tunge, E. tongue, OIc. and Swed. tunga, Dan. tunge, Goth. tuggô. In non-Teut. occurs the cognate Lat. lingua, which is usually supposed to come from *dingua (like lacrima for dacrima, see Zähre). Teut. tungôn, with Zange, is scarcely allied to the Sans. root danç, ‘to bite, be pointed’ (Zunge should be lit. ‘that which licks’); the relation to Sans. juhû, jihvâ, ‘tongue,’ is uncertain.

zunichte, adv., ‘ruined, undone,’ in the phrases zunichte, werden, ‘to be ruined,’ zunichte machen, ‘to ruin, destroy,’ from MidHG. ze nihte, ‘to nothing’; see nicht.

Zünsler, m., ‘pilser,’ ModHG. only; probably allied to OHG. zinsilo, ‘tinder’ (comp. MidHG. zinden, ‘to burn’), mentioned under zünden.

zupfen, vb., ‘to pull, pluck,’ ModHG. only, earlier ModHG. zopfen; denominative from Zopf; hence zupfen means lit. ‘to drag by the hair’?.

zurecht, adv., ‘in order, aright,’ from MidHG. ze rëhte, OHG. zi rëhte, ‘aright’; comp. LG. te rechte (see Recht).

zürnen, vb.. ‘to be angry,’ from MidHG. zürnen, OHG. zurnen; denominative from Zorn.

zurück, adv., ‘back, backwards,’ from MidHG. zerücke (MidG. zurücke), OHG. zi rucke, ‘backwards, behind one's back’; comp. LG. terügge. Allied to Rücken; comp. E. back.

zusammen, adv., ‘together,’ from MidHG. zesamene, zesamt, OHG. zisamane, ‘together, jointly’; comp. sammeln, samt.

züsseln, vb., ‘to pluck’; probably a derivative of zausen, MidHG. zûsen.

Zuversicht, f., ‘confidence, reliance, conviction,’ from MidHG. zuoversiht (MidG. zûvorsiht), OHG. zuofirsiht, f., ‘foreseeing, glance into the future, expectation, hope.’ Allied, like Sicht, to sehen.

zuvor, adv., ‘before, beforehand, formerly,’ from late MidHG. zuovor, zuovorn (MidG. zûvor), ‘formerly, beforehand.’ Allied, like bevor, to vor.

zuwege, adv. in zuwege bringen, ‘to bring out, accomplish,’ from MidHG. ze wëge, OHG. zi wëge, ‘on the (right) way.’ Comp. wegen, adv., and Weg.

zuweilen, adv., ‘at times, sometimes,’ ModHG. only; in MidHG. under wîlen or wîlen, wîlent, ‘once, formerly.’ Similarly,

ModHG. bisweilen, alleweil, weiland; comp. weil.

zuwider, adj. (orig. adv.), ‘importunate,’ ModHG. only; implying MidHG. *ze wider, formed in a similar way to ModHG. zugegen (MidHG. zegęgene), lit. ‘against’; see wider.

zwacken, vb., ‘to pinch, tease, cheat,’ from MidHG. zwacken, ‘to pluck, tug’; a graded form of zwicken.

zwagen, vb., ‘to wash,’ see Zwehle.

zwang, m., ‘compulsion, force, restraint,’ from MidHG. twanc, zwanc (g), m., ‘compulsion, distress, oppression’ (comp. MidHG. des lîbes twanc, ‘tenesmus, constipation’), OHG. dwang (gidwang), m., ‘distress, contraction, compulsion’; abstract of zwingen. Allied to zwängen, vb., ‘to squeeze, constrain, force,’ denomin. of Zwang, MidHG. twęngen, ‘to use violence to, squeeze in, oppress,’ OHG. dwęngen, ‘to use violence to’ (OHG. and MidHG. zwangen, zwęngen, ‘to pinch’; comp. MidHG. zwange, ‘tongs’); see also zwingen. A Teut. root þwenh (Aryan twenk) is implied by OHG. dûhen, Du. duwen, AS. þŷan, ‘to press, oppress’ (from *þunhjan).

zwanzig, num., ‘twenty,’ from the equiv. MidHG. zweinzec, zwênzic, OHG. zweinzug; a common West Teut. numeral. Comp. OSax. twêntig, LG. and Du. twintig, OFris. twintich, AS. twêntig (from twœ̂gentig?), E. twenty (see -zig). The n of the first component seems to be a mark of the nom. plur. masc., as in OHG. zwên-e, AS. twêgen; see zwei.

zwar, adv., ‘indeed, truly, of course,’ from MidHG. zwâre, ze wâre, ‘in truth,’ OHG. zi wâre (MidHG. wâr, n., ‘truth,’ an adj. used as a subst.). Connected, like fürwahr (MidHG. vür war, ‘truly), with wahr.

Zweck, m., ‘nail, plug; aim, object, design, goal,’ from MidHG. zwëc (-ckes), m., ‘nail, plug in the centre of the target; aim, object, design’; comp. zwacken, zwicken, and Zwick. How the ModHG. word (orig. ‘nail’) acquired its most prevalent meaning ‘design’ is explained by the MidHG. term, of which the central idea is ‘the object aimed at in the target’; other cognates of the MidHG. word are wanting.

zween, num., see zwei.

Zwehle, f., ‘towel,’ from MidHG. twęhele, twęhel, dwęhele, dwêle, f. (also quęhele, Thuring. Quähle), ‘drying cloth, towel,’ OHG. dwahila, dwęhila, dwahilla.