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ESSAY IV
299
II. The Taptap-type has originated from the doubling of the root, as in Old Javanese, etc., taptap, "to strike".
195. Now some of the living IN languages have preserved both the Original IN types, others have modified them.
197. The Lintah-type has remained unchanged in by far the greater number of IN languages; only a small percentage of the languages has altered it, entirely or partially, and in the follomng ways:
I. Some languages, such as Toba, assimilate the nasal in the combination of nasal + tenuis to the tenuis; thus spoken Toba gattuṅ, "to hang" < written Toba, and likewise Original IN, gantuṅ.
II. Some few languages allow the nasal to disappear entirely; thus Nias, as in lita < Original IN lintah. But mb and ndr < nd persist, as in tandru, "horn" < Original IN tanduk, tandra, "mark" < Original IN tanda.
III. Conversely, other languages allow the explosive to disappear; thus Rottinese, as in tana, "mark" < Original IN tanda.
198. The Taptap-type has remained unchanged in Old Javanese, Karo, Tagalog, etc., but yet in fewer languages than the Lintah-type. The modifications it has undergone are of the following kind:
I. Assimilation has taken place, as in Makassar; Original IN, and likewise Old Javanese, paspas, "to cut off", appears in Makassar as páppasaq = pappas + the supporting syllable aq.
II. The first of the two medial consonants becomes a hamzah, as in Tontemboan, which accordingly says taqtap instead of taptap.
III. The first of the two consonants disappears entirely,, as in Bĕsemah, hence Bĕs. tatap.
Note. — The rules mentioned in this paragraph do not hold good of all possible cases of the Taptap-type, but they always apply to certain classes of cases, determined by regular laws.
