sonant. In the Tsimihety Poem on the Telegraph, p. 116, we find telegrafi, Parisi, and Madagasikara.
284. The phonetic combination may be alien to the recipient language. Here it is mostly a case of combination of consonants. The linguistic methods then applied by the IN languages are the following:
I. Elimination. In Jonker's Rottinese Texts, p. 44, 1. 1, we find: “ Service letter ” = L. s. = susula dis; dis being from the Dutch dienst.
II. Metathesis, as in the Old Malagasy Serafelo, the name of a certain angel < Arabic Asrafil. This form is found in Ferrand's text Niontsy, p. 24, 1. 1 from the bottom: “ Where art thou, O Asrafil?” = aiza hanaw ra Serafelo?
III. Insertion of a sound, as in the Bugis porogolo < Dutch verguld, “ gilt ”.
285. The selection of the inserted vowel is determined:
I. By the nature of the neighbouring vowel, as in Makassar parasero < Portuguese parceiro, “ partner ”.
II. By the nature of the neighbouring consonant. Between the s and the χ of a Dutch initial sch Makassar inserts an i, as in sikau < schout, “ mayor ”.
286. Special consideration is due to the developments of the phonetic combinations of explosives + h, i.e. the aspirates of loan-words in languages which themselves have no aspirates.
I. The aspiration disappears altogether, as in Malay bumi < Sanskrit bhūmi, “ earth ”.
II. A vowel appears between the explosive and the aspiration: Makassar pahala, “ utility ” < Sanskrit phala. Madurese, in accordance with the principle in § 184, II, has paqalah. Daïri dĕhupa < Sanskrit dhūpa, “ incense ”.
III. Owing to some secondary process the aspiration disappears, but the inserted vowel persists; hence Toba daupa and budá < budaha < buddha.
