Page:An introduction to Indonesian linguistics, being four essays.djvu/98

intermediate form yaku is preserved in Day.: compare what has been said in § 40.

Note II.—Mlg. zama does not mean “ father " but " uncle ". A parallel thereto is the Gayo ama, which signifies both " father " and " uncle ".

45. We must attribute to Common IN the liquids r and l. The sound l is evidenced by the Common IN laṅit (§ 1); the sound r by karaṅ, " rock, dry ground, reef, coral ". § 190 deals with the pronunciation of the r.

Rock. Philippines, Iloko: kalaṅ — Celebes, Mak.: karai — Borneo, Day.: karaṅ — Java, Sund.: karaṅ — Sumatra, Gayo: karaṅ — Malay Peniusula, Mal.: karaṅ — Madagascar, Hova:harana — South-Western Border, Nias: kara.

Note.—Iloko l for r in accordance with the RLD-law (§ 190). — A phonetic law of Nias: " No final consonant is tolerated in Nias ".

46. We must attribute to Common IN the sibilant s. This is evidenced by the word susu, " breast, to suck ".

Breast. Philippines, Inv.: susu — Celebes, Tontb.: susu — Borneo, Bol.: susu — Java, Sund.: susu — Sumatra, Lampong: susu — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: susu — Northern Border, Bat.: susu — Eastern Border, Tettum: susu — South-Western Border, Nias: susu.

47. We must concede to Common IN the aspirate h. This is evidenced by the word tahan, " to hold fast, to retain ".

To retain. Philippines, Tag.: tahan — Celebes, Ponosakan: mo-tahaṅ — Borneo, Day.: tahan — Java, Sund.: tahan — Sumatra, Lampong: tahan — Malay Peninsula, Mal.: tahan.

Note.—It must be admitted that the distribution of h is of such a nature that we have some hesitation in pronouncing it to be Common IN.

48. We meet with other sounds besides these in the IN languages: thus in § 30 we became acquainted with an f in the Hova word afu, " fire ", and in § 44 with a z in the Hova zahu, " I "; and Bug. and Mak. have the glottal explosive q,^[1] etc.

1. [See also Essay I. § 11, I, footnotes.]