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the Brachmanæ, a name comprising many tribes, among which are the Maccocalingæ.-f
north and north-west. The Chisiotosagfi or Chirotosagi
are perhaps identical with the Chiconss (whom Pliny else-
where mentions), in spite of the addition to their name of
'sagi,' which may have merely indicated them to be a branch
of the Śâkas, — that is, the Skythians, — by whom India was
overran before the time of its conquest by the Âryans. They
are mentioned in Mann X. 44 together with the Pauṇḍrakas,
Odras, Drâvidas, Kâmbojas, Yavanas, Paradas, Pahlavas,
Chînas, Kîratas, Daradas, and Khaśas. If Chirotosagi be
the right reading of their name, there can be little doubt
of their identity with the Kîratas. — See P. V. de St.-
Martin's work already quoted, pp. 195-197. But for the
Khâchars, see Ind, Ant. vol. IV. p. 323.
t V. 1. Bracmanæ. Pliny at once transports his readers
from the mountains of Kaśmîr to the lower part of the valley
of the Ganges. Here he places the Brachmanæ, whom he
takes to be, not what they actually were, the leading caste
of the population, but a powerful race composed of many
tribes — the Maccooalingæ being of the number. This tribe,
as well as the Gangaridæ-Kalingæ, and the Modogalingæ
afterwards mentioned, are subdivisions of the Kalingæ,
a widely diffused race, which spread at one time from the
delta of the Ganges all along the eastern coast of the pe-
ninsula, though afterwards they did not extend southward
beyond Orissa. In the Mahâbhârata they are mentioned
as occupying, along with the Vangas (from whom Bengal is
named) and three other leading tribes, the region which
lies between Magadha and the sea. The Maccocalingæ,
then, are the Magha of the Kalingæ. "Magha," says M. de
St.-Martin, "is the name of one of the non-Aryan tribes
of greatest importance and widest division in the lower
Gangetic region, where it is broken up into several special
groups extending from Arakan and Western Asam, where
it is found under the name of Mogh (Anglicè Mugs), as far
as to the Mâghars of the central valleys of Nepâl, to the
Maqhayas, Magahis, or Maghyas of Southern Bahâr (the
ancient Magadha), to the ancient Magra of Bengal, and to
the Magora of Orissa. These last, by their position, may
properly be taken to represent our Maccocalingæ." "The
Modogalingæ," continues the same author, "find equally
their representatives in the ancient Mada, a colony which
the Book of Manu mentions in his enumeration of the im-
pure tribes of Âryâvarta, and which he names by the side
of the Ândhra, another people of the lower Ganges. The
Monghyr inscription, winch belongs to the earlier part of
