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the "Advance," in a hazardous attempt to reach Upernavik. An account of this trip is to be found in " An Arctic Boat-Journey " (Philadelphia, 1860), where Dr. Hayes justifies his leaving the ship. The journey was taken with Dr. Kane's permission, but this was given only after he had advised Hayes to forego the pro- ject, and exacted a renunciation of all claims on those left behind. The boat party reached a point sixteen miles south of Cape Par- ry, where they were stopped by ice, and dragged out a miser- able existence, aided by the charity of the Etah Esqui- maux, until Decem- ber, when they re- turned, nearly froz- en and starving. In

the summer of 1854

the entire party under Dr. Kane by sledge and boat reached Upernavik safely. On 7 July, 1860, Dr. Hayes sailed in com- mand of the " United States," which had been fitted out by public subscription for exploration of the open polar sea. He wintered in Foulke Fiord. lat. 78° 18' N., near Littleton island. In May, 1861. he crossed Kane sea, again set foot on Grinnell Land, attaining on 18 May a point which he called Cape Lieber, and which his observations placed in lat. 81° 35' N., long. 70° 30' W. His various offi- cial observations and personal accounts are not entirely consistent in this respect. Competent explorers who have since visited Kennedy channel surmise that his latitudes were incorrect, and that his farthest point was Cape Joseph Good, about lat. 80° 15' N., long. 70° W. The "open polar sea " was doubtless the southern part of Kennedy channel, which opens early every year. Breaking out of his ship on 10 July, 1861. an unprece- dentedly early date for an arctic vessel, he ex- Slored a considerable part of the eastern shore of lllesmere Land, being the first known white man to land thereon. In 1869 Hayes again entered the arctic circle, visiting Greenland with the artist William Bradford in the "Panther." For his arctic work Dr. Hayes received the founder's medal of the Royal geographical society in 1867 and the gold medal of the Paris society in 1869, and was made an honorary member of many sci- entific societies in the United States and Europe. He returned from his second expedition to find the civil war begun, immediately sought service, was commissioned surgeon of volunteers, 4 April, 1862, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, 13 March, 1865. He resigned, 3 July, 1865, and re- moved to New York city, where he was elected to the assembly, serving five years. He was possessed of great native vigor, and won reputation not only as an explorer, but as an author, lecturer, surgeon, and legislator. He published, besides the book alluded to above. " The Open Polar Sea," giving an account of his second expedition (Boston. 1867); I Cast Awav in the Cold, a Story of Arctic Ad- venture for Boys" (1868); and "The Land of Desolation," describing his third voyage (1871). HAYES, John Lord, lawyer, b. in South Ber- wick, Me., 13 April, 1812 :• d. in Cambridge, Mass., 18 April, 1887. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1831, and studied law at Harvard, being ad- mitted to the bar in 1835. In 1846 he organized the Katahdin iron- works in Maine, and soon after- ward was employed in Washington as counsel for the Canadian government on the advocacy of the reciprocity treaty. He had previously taken part in politics in his native state, and had drawn up the call for the first convention of Independent Democrats, when the party was divided on the issue of slavery extension. He organized and was secretary of the Mexican, Rio Grande, and Pacific railway company, and in 1854 obtained a charter from the Mexican government that au- thorized the construction of a railroad across Mexico. In 1861-5 he was chief clerk of the U. S. patent-office, and in the latter year he be- came secretary of the National association of wool manufacturers, which office he retained till his death. In 1860 Dartmouth college conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He was a student of natural history, collected and mounted with taste and skill a complete cabinet of birds, made a herbarium of the flora, and studied geology in the library and the field. He became a member of the Boston society of natural history in 1845, and was also connected with other scientific associa- tions both in the United States and in Europe. As early as 1843 he presented before the American association of geologists and naturalists a paper on glaciers, which was regarded as the most im- portant contribution up to that time toward the history of glacial phenomena in relation to geol- ogy. His writings, which are mainly devoted to legal, political, and scientific subjects, comprise over sixty titles, and include " The Iron Mines of Nova Scotia," "Jackson's Vindication as the Dis- coverer of Anaesthetics," " The Hudson Bay Ques- tion," "The Protective Question Abroad and at Home." " Sheep Industry in the South," and many articles and pamphlets on wool-growing and wool- manufacturing. His pamphlet entitled " Remi- niscences of the Free-Soil Movement in New Hamp- shire " (1845) attracted much attention.

HAYES, Joseph, soldier, b. in South Berwick, Me., 14 Sept., 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855, appointed major of the 18th Massachu- setts regiment, 26 Julv, 1861, lieutenant-colonel, 25 Aug., 1862, colonel, 30 Nov.. 1862, and brigadier- general of volunteers, 12 May, 1864. He was taken prisoner by the Confederates, and was for several months confined in Libbv prison, Richmond, Va. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of service on 24 Aug. In January, 1865, he was appointed U. S. commissioner of supplies in the seceded states. In 1877 he introduced the American system of hy- draulic mining into the United States of Colombia.

HAYES, Philip Cornelius, soldier, b. in Granby, Conn.. 3 Feb., 1833. He removed in infancy to La Salle county. 111., and spent many of his early years on a farm. He was graduated at Oberfin in 1860, and at the Theological seminary in 1863. He entered the army as captain in the 103d Ohio infantrv, and served with this regiment from 16 July, 1862, till 22 June. 1865, its entire period of service, being promoted successively lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers at the close of the war. He served in Kentucky, in West Tennessee in 1863, including the siege of Knoxville, was in the hundred days' campaign to Atlanta, and was in the battles of Resaca and Atlanta. He took part in the engagements of Franklin and Nashville, and was with the army in its march from Fort Fisher to Raleigh, N. C, in the capture of Wilmington, and at Johnston's sur-