the merit of having first published an account of its therapeutic effects as a diffusible stimulant in 1832. — His son, Alfred, mechanical engineer, b. in Sherburne, N. Y., 1 April, 1805 ; d. in Chicago, Ill., 17 Aug., 1882, removed with his parents to Sackett's Harbor in 1817, where he studied medicine and chemistry with his father, being his assistant at the time of his discovery of chloroform. For ten years he practised medicine, but an aversion to that profession led to his engaging in other occupations. In 1846 he settled in Chicago, where he advanced the idea of supplying the summit level of the Illinois and Michigan canal with water by raising it from Lake Michigan with steam power. The hydraulic works of this canal in Chi- cago were designed by him and constructed under his supervision, and when completed they were capable of handling a larger volume of water than any other similar works then in existence. In consequence of having a capacity greater than was required by the canal, they were operated for several years in lifting the sewage of Chicago to the canal, which then passed on to its ultimate dissipation in the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Guthrie's great work was his conception of the U. S. steam- boat inspection laws. The terrible steamboat dis- asters of 1851 led him, at his own expense, to visit the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, where he studied the defective building and the reckless management that resulted in serious loss of life and property. He made numerous drawings with explanations, which were presented to congress, and finally drafted the bill that was enacted in 1852. It is estimated that prior to 1849, 45 per cent, of these river steamboats were lost by dis- aster, while in 1882, on 5,117 vessels, the loss of life was only one to each 1,726,827 persons. — An- other son, Edwin, physician, b. in Sherburne, N. Y., 11 Dec, 1806 ; d. at the Castle of Perote, Mexico, 20 July, 1847, studied medicine with his father, but subsequently abandoned that profes- sion and settled in Iowa, where he held public office. Soon after the beginning of the war with Mexico, he raised a company of Iowa volunteers, of which he became captain, and went to the seat of war. He was wounded in the knee dur- ing the engagement at Pass La Hoya, and, after suffering two amputations, died. Guthrie county, Iowa, is named in his honor.
GUTIERREZ, José Nicolas (goo-te-er'-reth),
Cuban physician, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1800. He
was graduated in medicine in his native city in
1826, soon attained eminence in his profession, and
filled the chairs of anatomy, pathology, and clinics
in the University of Havana. He founded in 1840
the " Repertorio Medico Habanero," the first medi-
cal review published in Cuba, now called " Cronica Medico-Quirurgica de la Habana." Since 1853 it has borne on its title-page his likeness with the inscription, " Founder of the medical press in Cuba." With Dr. Zambrana he founded, in 1861, the Academy of sciences of Havana, and in 1874 a museum of natural history, annexed to the academy. Dr. Gutierrez is a correspondent and member of the Phrenological society of Paris, of the medical academies of Madrid, Cadiz, and New Orleans, of the Lyceum of Rome, and other scientific societies. He is now (1887) engaged in a project to erect a suitable building for the Academy of sciences. His published works include " Importancia de la Quimica en la Medicina " (1821) ; " Catecismo de 5ledicina physiologica " (1826) ; and " Lecciones de Anatomia " (1854).
GUTIERREZ, Santos, South American soldier,
b. in Cocui, Colombia, 24 Oct., 1820 ; d. in Bogota,
6 Feb., 1872. He began his military career in 1840.
In 1851 he fought against the Conservatives, and
became an active member of the Liberal party. In
1854 he overthrew the dictatorship of Melo by gain-
ing the battles of Pamplona, Tierra-Azul, and Bo-
gota. From 1859 till 1863 he was the recognized
leader of the Liberals, and gained the battles of
La Concepcion, Hormezaque, Tunja, Usaquen, Bo-
gota, and Santa Barbara. In 1839 he was admitted
to the bar. From 1840 he occupied many offices,
serving the state as judge, representative, senator,
governor of Boyaca, secretary of state, and com-
mander-in-chief of the army. He was president of
the republic from 1868 till 1870, and then retired
to private life, although his successor offered him
the place of minister to Europe.
GUTIERREZ DE ESTRADA, José Maria, Mexican statesman, b. in Campeche in 1800; d.
in the city of Mexico in 1867. He inherited a
fortune, held office under Iturbide, and was for
a short time secretary of foreign relations. Dis-
heartened by the rapid changes of government,
he resolved in 1835 to abandon his country,
settled first in Paris, afterward lived at several
courts, and sent to the National congress a pro-
posal for the establishment of a monarchy in
Mexico, which was read in the session of 20 Aug.,
1840. Through his second wife, the Countess von
Liitzow, daughter of the Austrian minister in
Rome, he gained access to the Austrian court, and
in 1864 the Mexican commission arrived in Mira-
mare to offer the imperial crown to Maximilian.
In the suite of that prince he returned to his native
land, but died soon afterward.
GUTIERREZ DE LARA, Bernardo, Mexican patriot, b. in Guanajuato in 1778 ; d. in San Antonio Bejar, 15 March, 1814. When Hidalgo and Allende, after the defeat of Calderon in 1811, were on their way to the United States to reorganize their forces, Gutierrez met them, early in March, to offer his services. He was appointed colonel, and sent as commissioner to Washington, where he arrived in August. His mission was not recognized, and he came to New Orleans, where he organized a force of 450 men. He marched to Texas in February, 1812, captured the town of Nacogdoches and the presidio of Trinidad, and a few days afterward the bay of Espiritu Santo, where he found important stores of ammunition and provisions. The Spanish governor of New Leon and Texas besieged Gutierrez in Trinidad, but after four months the latter made a sally and broke through the enemy's lines. In August of the same year he defeated the royalists at Rosillo, capturing all their artillery, and shortly afterward gained other victories, making him the master of New Leon and Texas. But Alvarez de Toledo, who had been appointed commissioner to Washington, entered there into secret transactions with the Spanish minister, and also instigated Gutierrez's forces to demand the execution of the governor of Leon and Texas. When their commander, in a moment of weakness, submitted, Alvarez appeared in his camp with accusations, and brought about a mutiny which deposed . Gutierrez and appointed Alvarez general-in-chief. Gutierrez was patriot enough not to abandon the army in the hour of need, as Arredondo was approaching with an overwhelming force to crush the patriots. The revolutionary army, disconcerted by the change of leaders, was defeated, and Gutierrez died in the battle. GUY, Peter, Canadian publicist, b. in Ville-Marie, Canada, 11 Dec, 1738; d. in Montreal in January, 1812. He lost his father at the age of eleven, and was educated in the College of Quebec
