was not graduated. Scientific pursuits were approved by his parents, but for a time he was compelled to manage a saw-mill. In 1836 Henry D. Rogers, having been appointed state geologist of New Jersey, sent for Mr. Haldeman, who had been his pupil at Dickinson, to assist him. A year later, on the reorganization of the Pennsylvania geological survey, Haldeman was transferred to his own state, and was actively engaged on the survey until 1842, preparing five annual reports, and personally surveying the counties of Dauphin and Lancaster. In 1840 he began the publication of his monograph on the “Fresh-Water Univalve Mollusca of the United States,” in which he described the Scolithus linearis, a new genus and species of fossil plant, the most ancient organic remains in Pennsylvania. During the year 1842-'3 he gave a course of lectures on zoology at the Franklin institute, and in 1851 became professor of natural sciences in the University of Pennsylvania. This chair he held until 1855, when he accepted a similar professorship in Delaware college. Meanwhile he also lectured on geology and chemistry in the State agricultural college of Pennsylvania, and in 1869 became the first occupant of the chair of comparative philology in the University of Pennsylvania, which he held continuously until his death. Prof. Haldeman made numerous visits to Europe for purposes of research, and when studying the human voice in Rome determined the vocal repertoire of between forty and fifty varieties of human speech. His ear was remarkably delicate, and he discovered a new organ of sound in lepidopterous insects, which was described by him in Silliman's “American Journal of Science” in 1848. He made extensive researches among Indian dialects, and also in Pennsylvania Dutch, besides investigations in the English, Chinese, and other languages. Prof. Haldeman was an earnest advocate of spelling reform, and was the author of several manuals of orthography, orthoëpy, and etymology. In 1858 he gained the Trevelyan prize over eighteen competitors by his essay on “Analytical Orthography” (Philadelphia, 1860). He was a member of many scientific societies, was the founder and president of the Philological society, and one of the early members of the National academy of sciences. During 1851-'2 he edited the “Pennsylvania Farmer's Journal.” He was a contributor to the “Iconographic Cyclopædia” (New York, 1852), and furnished the articles on articulata, insecta, entomology, conchology, radiata, and others. His contributions to scientific literature have been large, and his papers on philology, conchology, entomology, geology, chemistry, and paleontology include over two hundred titles. He has published, besides works previously mentioned, “Zoölogical Contributions” (Philadelphia, 1842-'3); “Elements of Latin Pronunciation” (1851); an edition of Taylor's “Statistics of Coal” (2d ed., 1855); “Tours of a Chess Knight” (1865); “Affixes in their Origin and Application” (1865); “Rhymes of the Poets,” un- der the pen-name of “Felix Ago” (1868); “Pennsylvania Dutch” (1872); “Outlines of Etymology” (1877); and “Word-Building” (1881).
HALDERMAN, John Acoming, diplomatist,
b. in Missouri, 15 April, 1833. He spent his boy-
hood in Kentucky, and studied law there, but emi-
grated to Kansas in 1854. In his new home he
opposed slavery, and was successively private sec-
retary to the first governor, judge of the probate
court, mayor of Leavenworth two terms, member
of both houses of the legislature, and regent of the
State university. He was major of the 1st Kansas
infantry during the civil war, provost-marshal-gen-
eral of the western army, on the staff of Gen. Na-
thaniel Lyon, in 1861, and was mentioned in the
official report for " gallant and meritorious con-
duct " at the battle of Springfield. After the war
he travelled extensively. In 1880 he was appointed
U. S. consul at Bangkok. Siam, and subsequently
promoted to the post of consul-general by Presi-
dent Garfield. In 1882 he was further advanced
to the station of minister-resident in Siam. In
1883 Highland university conferred upon him the
degree of LL. D. For his endeavors in behalf of
civilization in the far east he received the thanks
of the Universal postal union. In August, 1885,
he resigned his office and returned to the United
States. In recognition of his " faithful observance
of treaty relations," and of his efforts to suppress
a nefarious traffic in spirits under cover of the
American flag, his majesty, the king of Siam,
honored him with the decoration of knight com-
mander of the most exalted order of the white ele-
phant. King Norodom tendered the investiture of
commander of the royal order of Cambodia in ap- /
preciation of his efforts to introduce posts and
telegraphs into Cambodia and Cochin China. He
was honored by the friendship of Gen. Grant,
who felt great interest in his mission of peace and
justice to Siam, and to the great soldier is as-
cribed the declaration that the " minister's career
in southern Asia was one of the highest successes
in American diplomacy."
HALDIMAND, Sir Frederick, British general, b. in the canton of Neuchatel, Switzerland, in October, 1718; d. in Yverdun, Switzerland, 5 June, 1791. He early entered the Prussian service, but in 1754, with his friend Bouquet, joined the British army. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 50th Royal American regiment, 4 Jan., 1756,
and came to America in 1757. He distinguished himself, 8 July, 1758, in the attack on Ticonderoga, and by his gallant defence of Oswego in 1759 against" the attack of 4,000 French and Indians under Chevalier de la Come. He accompanied the army under Amherst from Oswego to Montreal in 1760, and in 1762 was promoted to colonel. He was employed in Florida in 1767, and on his arrival at Pensacola enlarged the fort there, widened the streets, and otherwise improved the place. On 25 May, 1772, he became major-general in America, and in October following
colonel of the 60th foot. He returned to England in August, 1775, for the purpose of giving information to the ministry about the condition of affairs in the colonies, was commissioned a general in America, 1 Jan., 1776, and in 1777 a lieutenant-general in the army. On 27 June, 1778, he succeeded Sir Guy Carleton as governor of Canada, and administered that office till 15 Nov., 1784, when he was recalled to England. In his administration of the affairs of Canada he was charged with being severe and arbitrary, and successful actions for false imprisonment were brought against him after his return to England.
