Victoria." after Sir George Hayter. He removed to New York in 1850, and illustrated many artistic and literary publications. His engravings are chiefly of portraits, twelve of which were of Wash- ington, after different artists. He went into busi- ness in the latter part of his life with his three sons, but devoted his personal attention to etchings of historical characters of the Revolution for the collections of Dr. Thomas Addis Emmet and Francis S. Hoffman. His sons continue the busi- ness in New York, and have engraved many of the steel portraits that illustrate this work.
HALL, Hiland, jurist, b. in Bennington, Vt.,
20 July, 1795 ; d. in Springfield, Mass., 18 Dec,
1885. He was educated in the common schools,
was admitted to the bar in 1819, and elected to the
Vermont legislature in 1827. He was state attor-
ney in 1828-'31, and served in congress from 1833
till 1843, having been elected as a Whig. He
was then appointed bank-commissioner, became
judge of the state supreme court in 1846, and in
1850 2d comptroller of the treasury, and land-com-
missioner to California to settle disputed titles be-
tween citizens of the United States and Mexicans.
Judge Hall was an earnest advocate for anti-sla-
very, and a delegate to the first National Republi-
can convention in 1856. In 1858 he succeeded Ry-
land Fletcher as governor of Vermont, and was
re-elected in 1859. He was a delegate to the Peace
congress that was held in Washington, D. C, in
February, 1861. Gov. Hall was president of the
Vermont historical society for twelve years, and
for twenty-five years was vice-president of the New
England historic-genealogical society. He is the
author of a " History of Vermont " (Albany, 1868).
HALL, James, clergyman, b. in Carlisle, Pa.,
22 Aug., 1744; d. in Bethany, N. C, 25 July, 1826.
When he was eight years of age his parents re-
moved to Rowan (now Iredell) county, N. C. He was
graduated at Princeton in 1774. About 1775 he
was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Orange,
and on 8 April, 1778, he was installed pastor of the
united congregations of Fourth Creek, Concord,
and Bethany, N. C. In 1790 he severed his con-
nection with all but the Bethany congregation.
During the Revolutionary war he was an ardent
patriot, and was instrumental in organizing a com-
pany of cavalry, which he led on an expedition into
South Carolina, performing the double office of
commander and chaplain. Subsequently, when
the troops marched into the Cherokee country,
Georgia, to encounter the Indians, Dr. Hall ac-
companied them as chaplain. In the autumn of
1800, under a commission of the Presbyterian gen-
eral assembly, he established a mission at Natchez,
which was the first in the series of Protestant mis-
sionary efforts in the lower valley of the Missis-
sippi. He was for many years a commissioner to
the general assembly of his church from the pres-
bytery of Orange, and was moderator of that body
in 1803. He did much to advance education, and
opened at his house an " academy of sciences," in
which he was the sole teacher. " He published a
" Narrative of a Most Extraordinary Work of Re-
ligion in North Carolina " (1802), and a " Report
of a Missionary Tour through the Mississippi and
the Southwestern Country."
HALL, James, paleontologist, b. in Hingham.
Mass., 12 Sept., 1811. He was graduated at the
Rensselaer school (now the Troy polytechnic in-
stitute) in 1832, and remained there as assistant
professor of chemistry and natural sciences until
1836, when he was made professor of geology. On
the organization of the geological survey of New
York in 1836, he was appointed assistant geologist
of the second district, and in 1837 was made state
geologist in charge of the fourth district. He be-
gan his explorations in the western part of the
state during that year, and from 1838 till 1841
published annual reports of progress. In 1843 he
made his final report on the survey of the fourth
geological district, which was published as " Geol-
ogy of New York,"
Part IV. (Albany,
1843). Retaining the
title of state geolo-
gist, he was placed in
charge of the paleon-
tological work. His
results have been em-
bodied in the " Pa-
leontology of New
York " (Albanv,
1847-79), of which
five volumes have at
present been given
to the public. In
addition to the fore-
going, Prof. Hall has
prepared a complete
revision of the palae-
ozoic brachiopoda of
North America, with
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fifty plates. This comprehensive study of the palaeozoic fauna of New York, which is to termi- nate with the base of the coal-formation, has de- manded researches beyond the limits of the state, and Prof. Hall has extended his investigations westward to the Rocky mountains. These ex- plorations have served as the basis of all our knowledge of the geology of the Mississippi basin. The general results of these comparative studies will be found in the introduction to the third volume of the " Paleontology." In 1855 he was offered the charge of the paleontology of the geological survey of Canada, with promise of succeeding Sir William E. Logan as director, but declined the offer. Subsequently he prepared a monograph on the " Graptolites of the Quebec Group" (Montreal, 1865), which was contributed to the Canadian survey. Prof. Hall also held the appointments of state geologist of Iowa in 1855, and of Wisconsin in 1857. For the former he prepared the geological and paleontological portions of the two volumes of the " Geological Survey of Iowa " (Albany, 1858-'9), and he wrote the chapters on physical geography, geology, and paleontology for the " Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Wisconsin " (Madison, 1862). The examination and description of the specimens collected for the government frequently have been assigned to him, and he has written the paleontological portions of "Fremont's Exploring Expedition ; Appendix A " (Washington, 1845) ; " Expedition to the Great Salt Lake" (Philadelphia, 1852); "United States and Mexican Boundary Survey" (Washington, 1857); and "U. S. Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel," vol. iv. (1877). In 1866, on the reorganization of the New York state museum, he was appointed director, which place, in addition to that of state geologist, he still holds. In connection with this office he has made each year, in his annual reports, valuable contributions to science. Prof. Hall has devoted much time to crystalline stratified rocks, and was the first to point out the persistence and significance of mineralogical character as a guide to classification. He has also laid the foundation for a rational theory of mountains. He received the degree of A. M. from Union in 1842.
